數據中心暖通系統運維

目 錄

第1章　導論 ······························1

1.1　暖通系統概述 ···························1

1.2　數據中心暖通空調系統典型組成形式 ·················2

1.2.1　由風冷機房精密空調機組組成 ···················2

1.2.2　由水冷冷水機組和通冷凍水型機房精密空調組成 ···········3

1.2.3　由間接蒸發冷卻式空調機組組成 ··················3

1.3　暖通系統在數據中心中的作用 ····················4

第2章　暖通基礎知識 ··························6

2.1　暖通空調及製冷技術的發展歷史 ···················6

2.2　製冷技術的應用領域 ························7

2.3　濕空氣的物理性質 ·························8

2.4　暖通基本術語 ···························8

2.5　濕空氣的焓濕圖及應用 ·······················14

2.5.1　利用焓濕圖求空氣的濕球溫度 ···················15

2.5.2　乾式冷卻過程在焓濕圖上的表示 ··················15

2.5.3　減濕冷卻過程在焓濕圖上的表示 ··················15

2.5.4　加熱過程在焓濕圖上的表示 ····················16

2.5.5　等焓加濕過程在焓濕圖上的表示 ··················16

2.6　空氣環境對數據中心的影響 ·····················17

2.6.1　數據中心IT設備的特點 ······················17

2.6.2　不良空氣環境對數據中心IT設備的危害 ···············19

2.7　熱力學基本定律及其在製冷技術中的應用 ···············23

2.7.1　熱力學第一定律 ·························23

2.7.2　熱力學第二定律 ·························24

2.7.3　熱力學第三定律 ·························25

2.8　蒸氣壓縮式製冷原理 ························25

2.8.1　製冷劑的狀態及相關術語 ·····················26

2.8.2　製冷劑的壓-焓圖 ·························29

2.8.3　製冷系統中製冷劑的狀態變化 ···················30

2.9　製冷劑、載冷劑和潤滑油 ······················33

2.9.1　製冷劑 ·····························33

2.9.2　載冷劑 ·····························36

2.9.3　壓縮機潤滑油 ··························38

2.10　常見製冷方法 ···························39

2.10.1　常見製冷方法與原理 ·······················39

2.10.2　常用蒸氣製冷方法與原理 ·····················41

2.11　數據中心製冷系統常用壓縮機簡介 ··················44

2.11.1　往復式活塞壓縮機 ························45

2.11.2　渦旋式壓縮機 ··························47

2.11.3　數碼渦旋式壓縮機 ························48

2.11.4　螺桿式壓縮機 ··························48

2.11.5　離心式壓縮機 ··························50

2.12　冷凝器 ······························51

2.12.1　冷凝器的傳熱原理 ························51

2.12.2　冷凝器的種類及特點························53

2.13　蒸發器 ······························59

2.13.1　卧式蒸發器 ···························59

2.13.2　冷卻排管 ····························61

2.13.3　冷風機（空氣冷卻器） ······················62

2.14　節流機構 ·····························64

2.14.1　手動節流閥 ···························64

2.14.2　浮球節流閥 ···························65

2.14.3　熱力膨脹閥 ···························65

2.14.4　毛細管 ·····························68

2.15　製冷系統輔助設備 ·························70

2.15.1　油分離器 ····························70

2.15.2　集油器 ·····························72

2.15.3　空氣分離器 ···························72

2.15.4　中間冷卻器 ···························72

2.15.5　儲液器 ·····························72

2.15.6　電磁閥、單向閥、針閥 ······················73

2.15.7　壓力開關 ····························73

2.15.8　視液鏡 ·····························74

2.15.9　電加熱器 ····························74

2.15.10　溫度繼電器 ··························74

2.15.11　乾燥過濾器 ··························74

2.15.12　風扇調速器 ··························75

2.15.13　漏水告警器、煙霧告警器、火災告警器 ··············75

2.15.14　板式換熱器 ··························76

第3章　空調的分類及各類空調簡介 ····················77

3.1　空調常見分類 ·························77

3.1.1　根據空調冷（熱）源分類 ···················77

3.1.2　根據空氣處理設備的設置情況分類 ···············77

3.1.3　按負擔室內空調負荷所用的介質分類 ··············79

3.1.4　根據集中系統處理的空氣來源分類 ···············80

3.1.5　按照使用目的分類 ······················80

3.1.6　按送風速度分類 ·······················81

3.2　多聯機空調介紹 ························81

3.3　機房精密空調介紹 ·······················82

3.4　氟泵式製冷節能型空調機組 ···················83

第４章　機房精密空調的使用與維護 ················84

4.1　數據中心機房的負荷特點 ···················84

4.2　數據中心機房的環境特點及相關國標 ··············84

4.3　數據中心機房的環境參數對空調的要求 ·············86

4.4　數據中心機房採用機房精密空調的必要性 ············87

4.5　風冷直膨式機房精密空調的系統結構及維護保養要點 ·······90

4.5.1　框架系統 ························91

4.5.2　送風系統 ························92

4.5.3　製冷系統 ························93

4.5.4　電加熱系統 ·······················93

4.5.5　加濕系統 ························94

4.5.6　控制系統 ························95

4.6　風冷直膨式機房精密空調的送回風系統 ··········96

4.6.1　送風系統的佈置 ·····················96

4.6.2　機房的構造及氣流組織方式 ················96

4.6.3　風道系統的組成 ··················96

4.6.4　風機風量的調節 ··················97

4.7　風冷直膨式機房精密空調加熱裝置 ···········97

4.8　風冷直膨式機房精密空調加濕裝置 ··········97

4.8.1　電加濕罐 ·······················97

4.8.2　遠紅外加濕器 ·····················98

4.9　風冷直膨式機房精密空調控制系統 ··············98

4.9.1　常見功能介紹 ······················98

4.9.2　通過機組本地用戶終端進行的操作 ············99

4.10　風冷直膨式機房精密空調安裝調試方法及註意事項 ······100

4.10.1　場地準備 ·······················100

4.10.2　精密空調的安裝 ····················100

4.10.3　精密空調的調試 ···················101

4.11　風冷直膨式機房精密空調的管理維護及保養 ·········102

4.11.1　管理及其準則 ···················102

4.11.2　管理工作的基本內容 ················102

4.11.3　日常維護保養的內容及實施周期 ···········103

4.12　風冷直膨式機房精密空調一般故障的判斷及排除 ······104

4.12.1　控制系統故障原因及排除方法 ·············104

4.12.2　風道故障報警的原因及排除方法 ············105

4.12.3　製冷系統故障原因及排除方法 ·············105

4.12.4　加熱故障報警的原因及排除方法 ············108

4.12.5　加濕故障報警的原因及排除方法 ··········108

4.12.6　故障快速判斷速查表 ···············109

4.13　風冷直膨式機房精密空調的局限性 ·········110

第5章　數據中心暖通系統的冷負荷計算 ········111

5.1　數據中心各類冷負荷的計算方法 ··········111

5.1.1　設備散熱冷負荷的計算 ··············111

5.1.2　建築圍護結構傳導熱冷負荷的計算 ·········112

5.1.3　通過外窗進入的太陽輻射熱冷負荷 ·········112

5.1.4　人體散熱冷負荷的計算 ··············112

5.1.5　照明裝置散熱冷負荷的計算 ··········113

5.1.6　新風冷負荷的計算 ···············113

5.1.7　其他冷負荷的計算 ···············113

5.1.8　機房總冷負荷的確定 ··············114

5.2　數據中心冷負荷工程計算方法 ············114

5.2.1　功率面積法 ···················114

5.2.2　面積法 ·····················115

第6章　數據中心暖通系統的常用方案 ········116

6.1　風冷型機房空調系統 ················116

6.2　冷凍水型機房空調系統 ·············117

6.3　水冷型機房空調系統 ·················118

6.4　乙二醇冷卻型機房空調系統 ················119

6.5　雙冷源型機房空調系統 ·················119

6.6　其他形式的空調系統方案 ················120

6.6.1　行級空調 ······················120

6.6.2　頂置對流空調系統 ··················121

第7章　數據中心暖通風系統設計 ···············123

7.1　送風方式 ·······················123

7.1.1　風帽上送風 ·····················123

7.1.2　風管上送風 ·····················124

7.1.3　地板下送風 ·····················125

7.2　數據中心氣流組織形式 ·············127

7.2.1　數據中心氣流組織影響因素 ···········127

7.2.2　服務器等設備氣流規範 ·············127

7.2.3　數據中心機架/機櫃氣流組織 ··········128

7.2.4　防靜電地板高度選擇 ···············132

7.3　數據中心設備佈置 ·················133

7.4　數據中心空調風系統設計核算 ············137

第8章　數據中心暖通水系統設計 ·············139

8.1　數據中心暖通水系統的分類與選擇 ··········140

8.1.1　開式系統和閉式系統 ···············140

8.1.2　兩管制、三管制和四管制系統 ···········141

8.1.3　同程式和異程式系統 ·················141

8.1.4　定流量和變流量系統 ·················143

8.2　數據中心暖通水系統的承壓設計 ············145

8.2.1　水系統的承壓計算及設備選型 ·············145

8.2.2　水系統的承壓分區 ················147

8.2.3　水系統的定壓 ··················147

8.3　數據中心暖通水系統的設計與計算 ···········148

8.3.1　確定機房設計參數和總冷負荷 ···········148

8.3.2　確定製冷系統結構及製冷機組、冷卻塔、製冷終端的類型、容量和台數 ······148

8.3.3　水系統設計 ·············149

8.3.4　保溫設計 ·············155

第9章　高熱密度數據中心暖通系統簡介 ······157

9.1　高熱密度區域解決方案 ················157

9.2　局部熱點解決方案 ····················158

9.3　專用高熱密度封閉機櫃方案 ···············159

9.4　其他高熱密度散熱解決方案 ··············160

第10章　數據中心暖通系統其他常見設備 ········161

10.1　新風機組 ························161

10.1.1　新風機組的控制 ··············161

10.1.2　新風機組的工作原理 ··············163

10.1.3　新風機組功能段 ·················163

10.2　蓄冷罐 ······················164

10.3　循環水處理系統 ·····················165

10.3.1　加藥裝置 ·······················165

10.3.2　微晶旁流裝置 ·················166

10.4　軟化水裝置 ···················166

10.5　反滲透水處理器 ·················167

10.5.1　反滲透水處理器設備概述 ············167

10.5.2　反滲透水處理器工作原理 ············168

10.5.3　反滲透水處理器工藝流程 ············168

10.5.4　反滲透水處理器的清洗 ·············168

10.6　補水裝置 ····················169

10.6.1　定壓補水裝置 ·················169

10.6.2　冷卻水補水系統 ················169

10.7　旁濾設備 ····················170

10.8　壓差旁通閥 ···················171

第11章　數據中心暖通系統設計方法及實例分析 ······172

11.1　中小型數據中心暖通系統的設計方法 ········172

11.1.1　空調負荷計算 ·················172

11.1.2　空調選型 ···················173

11.1.3　空調佈置 ···················173

11.2　雲計算數據中心暖通系統的規劃設計案例 ·······174

11.2.1　暖通系統設計 ··················174

11.2.2　方案小結 ···················179

參考文獻 ·····················180