無人機原理、應用與防控

目 錄

第1章 無人機概論 ·······································································1

1.1　無人機簡介 ······················································································2

1.2 無人機發展簡史 ················································································4

1.2.1　產生背景 ··································································································4

1.2.2　發展歷程 ··································································································5

1.3　無人機分類 ·····················································································10

1.3.1　按飛行平臺分類 ························································································10

1.3.2　按用途分類 ······························································································17

1.3.3　按運行風險大小分類 ··················································································17

1.3.4　按飛行高度分類 ························································································18

1.3.5　按活動半徑分類 ························································································18

1.4　無人機的發展方向 ············································································18

1.4.1　高空長航時化 ···························································································18

1.4.2　無人機隱形化 ···························································································21

1.4.3　空中預警化 ······························································································23

1.4.4　空中格鬥化 ······························································································24

1.4.5　集群智能化 ······························································································25

第2章 無人機的基本構造及原理 ···················································29

2.1　空氣動力學與飛行原理 ······································································30

2.1.1　大氣的基本知識 ························································································30

2.1.2　空氣的特性 ······························································································32

2.1.3　標準大氣 ·································································································34

2.1.4　氣流特性 ·································································································35

2.1.5　連續性定理與伯努利方程 ············································································37

無人機原理、應用與防控

IV

2.1.6　機翼·······································································································40

2.1.7　升力與阻力 ······························································································42

2.1.8　影響升力與阻力的因素 ···············································································44

2.1.9　增升裝置 ·································································································46

2.1.10　無人機的穩定性與操縱 ·············································································48

2.2　固定翼無人機 ··················································································50

2.2.1　固定翼無人機的組成及其功能 ······································································50

2.2.2　固定翼無人機的結構特點及分類 ···································································52

2.2.3　蒙皮的結構特點及分類 ···············································································60

2.2.4　尾翼的結構特點及分類 ···············································································61

2.2.5　起落架的結構特點及佈局 ············································································66

2.2.6　氣動佈局 ·································································································70

2.3　無人直升機 ·····················································································71

2.3.1　單旋翼帶尾槳無人直升機 ············································································71

2.3.2　共軸雙旋翼無人直升機 ···············································································79

2.4　多旋翼無人機 ··················································································80

2.4.1　多旋翼無人機的出現及發展 ·········································································80

2.4.2　多旋翼無人機的結構 ··················································································81

2.4.3　多旋翼無人機的控制 ··················································································85

2.4.4　多旋翼無人機的特點 ··················································································86

2.5　垂直起降固定翼無人機 ······································································87

2.5.1　垂直起降固定翼無人機的發展及結構 ·····························································87

2.5.2　固定翼多旋翼復合型垂直起降無人機的結構與飛行原理 ··································88

2.5.3　傾轉旋翼固定翼垂直起降無人機的結構與飛行原理 ········································89

2.5.4　尾座式垂直起降固定翼無人機的結構與飛行原理 ··············································91

2.6　發動機 ···························································································92

2.6.1　航空活塞發動機 ························································································92

2.6.2　渦輪軸發動機 ···························································································95

2.6.3　渦輪螺旋槳式發動機 ··················································································97

2.6.4　渦輪噴氣式發動機 ·····················································································98

2.6.5　渦輪風扇式發動機 ···················································································102

2.7　電動系統 ······················································································103

2.7.1　電動無人機 ····························································································103

2.7.2　電機·····································································································104

目 錄

V

2.7.3　電調·····································································································106

2.7.4　螺旋槳 ··································································································106

2.7.5　電池·····································································································107

第3章 無人機應用 ····································································111

3.1　無人機的應用領域 ··········································································112

3.1.1　軍用級別的無人機 ···················································································112

3.1.2　民用級別的無人機 ···················································································116

3.2　無人機的應用環境 ··········································································121

3.2.1　無人機管理規範 ······················································································122

3.2.2　技術標準 ·······························································································123

3.2.3　無人機飛行要求 ······················································································124

3.3　無人機的線路規劃 ··········································································126

3.3.1　航空定位定向系統 ···················································································127

3.3.2　線路規劃 ·······························································································129

3.3.3　傾斜攝影 ·······························································································140

第4章 無人機防控應用 ·····························································141

4.1　無人機防控應用背景 ·······································································142

4.1.1　無人飛行器飛行條例及制度規定 ·································································143

4.1.2　無人飛行器飛行空域 ················································································145

4.1.3　無人機運行管理規定 ················································································147

4.1.4　無人機飛行存在的安全隱患 ·······································································150

4.1.5　無人機警用防控的必要性和重要性 ······························································151

4.2　無人機警用防控應用案例 ·································································152

4.3　無人機警用防控應用技術概述 ···························································153

4.4　無人機警用防控應用建設方案 ···························································155

4.4.1　設計原則及建設目標 ················································································155

4.4.2　系統配置方案概述 ···················································································156

4.4.3　方案一：TDOA+固定式反制+便攜式反制 ···················································156

4.4.4　方案二：車載式察打一體+便攜式反制 ························································160

4.4.5　系統組網方案 ·························································································161

無人機原理、應用與防控

4.4.6　設備配置方案 ·························································································163

4.5　無人機警用防控應用技術模塊 ···························································164

第5章 無人機監測跟蹤應用 ·······················································169

5.1　無人機監測跟蹤應用的背景 ······························································170

5.2　無人機監測跟蹤應用的技術概論 ························································172

5.2.1　雷達探測技術 ·························································································172

5.2.2　光電監測技術 ·························································································181

5.2.3　無線電頻譜監測技術 ················································································182

5.2.4　多源融合監測技術 ···················································································185

5.3　無人機監測跟蹤應用的產品及解決方案 ···············································185

5.3.1　典型的無人機監測跟蹤產品—TDOA無人機監測定位系統 ··························185

5.3.2　典型的無人機監測跟蹤解決方案—TDOA網格化城市級無人機監測管控

 解決方案 ·······························································································188

5.4　無人機監測跟蹤應用實踐案例 ···························································192

第6章 無人機防禦反制應用 ·······················································195

6.1　無人機防禦反制應用的背景 ······························································196

6.2　無人機防禦反制應用的技術概論 ························································198

6.2.1　硬殺傷技術 ····························································································198

6.2.2　軟殺傷技術 ····························································································199

6.3　無人機防禦反制應用的產品及解決方案 ···············································201

6.3.1　典型的無人機防禦反制產品—無線電乾擾壓制設備 ·······································201

6.3.2　典型的無人機防禦反制解決方案—無線電頻譜監測壓制聯動解決方案 ···········205

6.4　無人機防禦反制應用實踐案例 ···························································215