數據中心低壓供配電系統運維

目 錄

第1章 概述 ···························································1

1.1 數據中心概述 ···············································································1

1.1.1 數據中心的定義 ·········································································1

1.1.2 數據中心的構成 ·········································································1

1.1.3 數據中心的分級 ·········································································2

1.2 數據中心供配電系統 ······································································4

1.2.1 電力系統的組成 ········································································4

1.2.2 數據中心供配電系統的組成 ··························································5

1.2.3 數據中心對供配電系統的要求 ·······················································6

1.2.4 數據中心對供配電系統的其他要求 ···············································11

第2章 電工基礎知識 ················································13

2.1 直流電路基本概念 ·······································································13

2.1.1 電路 ······················································································13

2.1.2 電路的組成 ·············································································13

2.1.3 電路狀態 ················································································14

2.1.4 電路的基本物理量 ····································································15

2.2 歐姆定律 ···················································································18

2.2.1 電阻電路的歐姆定律 ·································································19

2.2.2 電阻電路的連接 ·······································································19

2.2.3 電容器電路的連接 ····································································21

2.2.4 電功、電功率和電流的熱效應 ·····················································23

2.3 交流電路 ···················································································26

2.3.1 交流電的概念 ··········································································26

2.3.2 交流電的產生原理 ····································································27

2.3.3 正弦交流電的基本物理量 ···························································29

2.3.4 正弦交流電的表示方法 ······························································33

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數據中心低壓供配電系統運維

2.3.5 單相交流電路 ··········································································34

2.3.6 功率因數 ················································································44

2.3.7 無功功率的補償 ·······································································45

2.3.8 三相交流電路 ··········································································46

2.4 電磁感應和磁路 ··········································································54

2.4.1 磁的基本概念 ··········································································54

2.4.2 電流的磁效應 ··········································································56

2.4.3 電磁感應 ················································································59

2.4.4 磁路 ······················································································62

2.5 電子技術常識 ·············································································63

2.5.1 晶體二極管概要 ·······································································63

2.5.2 晶體二極管的整流 ····································································63

2.5.3 晶體三極管概要 ·······································································66

2.5.4 晶體三極管的測試 ····································································66

第3章 電擊及現場救護 ·············································68

3.1 電擊 ·························································································68

3.1.1 電擊的種類 ·············································································68

3.1.2 電擊傷害的表象 ·······································································69

3.1.3 常見觸電現象 ··········································································70

3.1.4 觸電事故原因及規律 ·································································72

3.2 現場救護 ···················································································73

3.2.1 急救原則 ················································································73

3.2.2 急救方法 ················································································73

3.2.3 急救註意事項 ··········································································76

3.2.4 救護觸電者的其他科學方法 ························································78

第4章 低壓配電系統接地形式 ·····································79

4.1 低壓配電系統電擊防護種類 ···························································79

4.1.1 IT系統 ··················································································79

4.1.2 TT系統 ················································································81

4.1.3 TN系統 ··············································································82

4.1.4 保護導體 ················································································86

4.1.5 等電位聯結 ·············································································88

4.2 接地裝置 ···················································································90

4.2.1 自然接地體和人工接地體 ···························································90

4.2.2 接地裝置的安裝 ·······································································91

4.2.3 接地線 ···················································································92

4.2.4 接地裝置的連接 ·······································································92

4.2.5 接地裝置的檢查和維護 ······························································93

第5章 防電擊技術 ··················································94

5.1 絕緣 ·························································································94

5.1.1 絕緣材料的種類 ·······································································94

5.1.2 絕緣材料的性能 ·······································································95

5.1.3 絕緣的破壞 ·············································································95

5.1.4 絕緣電阻 ················································································97

5.2 屏護和安全間距 ··········································································99

5.2.1 屏護 ······················································································99

5.2.2 安全間距 ···············································································100

5.3 雙重絕緣和加強絕緣 ···································································101

5.3.1 雙重絕緣和加強絕緣結構 ··························································101

5.3.2 雙重絕緣和加強絕緣的安全條件 ·················································102

5.3.3 雙重絕緣設備的使用 ································································103

5.4 安全電壓 ··················································································103

5.4.1 安全電壓的區段、限值和安全電壓額定值 ·····································103

5.4.2 安全電源及回路配置 ································································104

5.5 漏電保護 ··················································································106

5.5.1 剩余電流動作保護裝置的組成 ····················································106

5.5.2 剩余電流動作保護裝置的工作原理 ··············································107

5.5.3 剩余電流動作保護裝置的分類 ····················································108

5.5.4 剩余電流動作保護裝置的主要技術參數 ········································110

5.5.5 剩余電流動作保護裝置的應用 ····················································111

第6章 電氣防火與防爆 ············································116

6.1 危險物質及危險環境 ···································································116

6.1.1 爆炸危險物質的分類、分組 ·······················································116

6.1.2 危險環境 ···············································································117

6.2 防爆電氣設備和防爆電氣線路 ·······················································119

6.2.1 防爆電氣設備 ·········································································119

6.2.2 防爆電氣線路 ·········································································122

6.3 電氣防火防爆措施 ······································································123

6.3.1 消除或減少爆炸性混合物 ··························································123

6.3.2 隔離和間距 ············································································124

數據中心低壓供配電系統運維

6.3.3　消除引燃源 ············································································125

6.3.4 爆炸危險環境接地和接零 ··························································125

6.3.5 消防供電 ···············································································126

6.3.6 電氣滅火 ···············································································127

第7章 防雷和防靜電 ··············································129

7.1 防雷 ························································································129

7.1.1 雷電的形成和種類 ···································································129

7.1.2 雷電危害的事故後果 ································································130

7.2 防雷技術 ··················································································131

7.2.1 防雷技術的分類 ······································································131

7.2.2 防雷裝置 ···············································································131

7.2.3 防雷措施 ···············································································133

7.3 防靜電 ·····················································································134

7.3.1 靜電的產生 ············································································135

7.3.2 靜電的危害 ············································································135

7.3.3 消除靜電危害的措施 ································································136

第8章 常用電氣儀表及測量 ······································138

8.1 常用電氣儀表概述 ······································································138

8.1.1 常用電氣儀表的分類 ································································138

8.1.2 常用電氣儀表的標示 ································································138

8.2 常用便攜式電氣儀表 ···································································141

8.2.1 電壓表 ··················································································141

8.2.2 電流表 ··················································································142

8.2.3 萬用表 ··················································································142

8.2.4 鉗形電流表 ············································································146

8.2.5 兆歐表 ··················································································148

8.2.6 接地電阻測量儀 ······································································151

8.3 電壓和電流的測量 ······································································152

8.3.1 電流的測量 ············································································153

8.3.2 電壓的測量 ············································································154

8.4 功率因數表與有功電能表的接線及讀表 ···········································155

8.4.1 用單相功率因數表測量三相功率的接線 ········································155

8.4.2 功率因數表的選用及註意事項 ····················································156

8.4.3 用三相有功功率表測量三相有功功率的接線方法 ····························157

8.4.4 有功電能表 ············································································157

第9章 電工安全用具與安全標誌 ································161

9.1 電工安全用具 ············································································161

9.1.1 電工安全用具的種類及作用 ·······················································161

9.1.2 電工安全用具試驗 ···································································163

9.2 絕緣安全用具使用的基本方法 ·······················································164

9.2.1 驗電器 ··················································································164

9.2.2 絕緣手套和絕緣靴 ···································································166

9.2.3 絕緣墊和絕緣臺 ······································································167

9.2.4 電工安全用具的使用註意事項 ····················································168

9.3 安全標誌 ··················································································168

9.3.1 安全色 ··················································································169

9.3.2 警示牌 ··················································································169

第10章 電工常用工具 ············································170

10.1 通用電工工具 ···········································································170

10.1.1 電工用鉗 ·············································································170

10.1.2 電工刀 ················································································171

10.1.3 電工扭矩扳手 ·······································································171

10.1.4 扳手 ···················································································171

10.1.5 鑿 ······················································································171

10.1.6 沖擊電鉆和電錘 ····································································171

10.1.7 壓接鉗 ················································································172

10.1.8 電烙鐵 ················································································173

10.1.9 遊標卡尺 ·············································································173

10.2 手持式電動工具和移動式電氣設備 ················································173

10.2.1 手持式電動工具的基本分類 ·····················································174

10.2.2 手持式電動工具的合理選用 ·····················································175

10.2.3 手持式電動工具的安全要求 ·····················································176

10.2.4 手持式電動工具的機械防護裝置 ···············································176

第11章 低壓電器及其成套開關設備 ····························178

11.1 低壓電器 ·················································································178

11.1.1 低壓電器常用名詞術語 ···························································178

11.1.2 低壓電器產品基本使用環境條件 ···············································179

11.2 常用低壓控制電器和保護電器 ······················································179

11.2.1 常用低壓手動開關電器 ···························································179

數據中心低壓供配電系統運維

11.2.2 常用低壓斷路器 ····································································181

11.2.3 交流接觸器 ··········································································185

11.2.4 主令電器 ·············································································190

11.2.5 低壓熔斷器 ··········································································192

11.2.6 熱過載繼電器 ·······································································194

11.2.7 中間繼電器 ··········································································196

11.2.8 時間繼電器 ··········································································197

11.2.9 起動器 ················································································198

11.3 其他電器 ·················································································200

11.3.1 自動轉換開關電器 ·································································200

11.3.2 電動機電子保護器 ·································································202

11.3.3 機櫃配電電源分配單元 ···························································203

11.4 低壓成套開關設備 ·····································································204

11.4.1 低壓開關櫃的組成 ·································································204

11.4.2 低壓開關櫃的型號 ·································································204

11.4.3 部分型號低壓開關櫃介紹 ························································205

11.4.4 低壓配電分配方式 ·································································208

11.4.5 低壓配電箱、櫃的安裝及投入運行前的檢查 ································208

11.5 低壓配電系統運行方案 ·······························································209

11.5.1 雙路市電（0.4kV）+單路低壓柴油發電機系統運行方案 ················209

11.5.2 低壓倒閘操作 ·······································································212

11.5.3 低壓配電裝置的巡視檢查 ························································215

11.5.4 低壓配電裝置的運行維護 ························································215

第12章 異步電動機 ···············································217

12.1 異步電動機概述 ········································································217

12.1.1 異步電動機的分類 ·································································217

12.1.2 三相異步電動機的基本結構 ·····················································217

12.1.3 三相異步電動機的工作原理 ·····················································220

12.1.4 旋轉磁場的方向和轉速 ···························································220

12.1.5 轉差及轉差率 ····································································221

12.2 三相異步電動機的使用 ·······························································222

12.2.1 電動機的銘牌 ·······································································222

12.2.2 電動機的主要技術參數 ···························································222

12.2.3 電動機繞組的接法 ·································································223

12.2.4 電動機的起動 ·······································································224

12.3 三相異步電動機的控制及保護 ······················································228

12.3.1 三相異步電動機的控制 ···························································228

12.3.2 電動機保護 ··········································································230

12.4 三相異步電動機的運行維護 ·························································232

12.4.1 電動機的監測與維護 ······························································232

12.4.2 應立即停止電動機運行的異常情況 ············································233

12.4.3 電動機的定期維修 ·································································233

12.5 三相異步電動機常見故障及處理 ···················································234

12.5.1 電動機定子耐壓強度不良 ························································234

12.5.2 電動機空載電流偏大 ······························································234

12.5.3 電動機三相電流不平衡 ··························································234

12.5.4 電動機溫度高 ······································································235

12.5.5 電動機的振動和噪聲 ······························································235

12.5.6 電動機掃膛 ·········································································235

12.5.7 電動機軸承過熱 ···································································235

12.5.8 電動機缺相運行 ····································································236

12.6 單相異步電動機 ········································································236

12.6.1 單相異步電動機的結構 ···························································236

12.6.2 單相異步電動機的起動元件 ·····················································237

12.6.3 單相異步電動機的起動類型 ·····················································237

第13章 電力電容器 ···············································240

13.1 電力電容器在電力系統中的應用 ···················································240

13.1.1 電容器分類 ··········································································240

13.1.2 電力電容器在電力系統中的作用 ···············································241

13.1.3 並聯電容器的補償方式 ···························································242

13.2 並聯電容器的結構與主要參數 ······················································242

13.2.1 並聯電容器的結構 ·································································242

13.2.2 國產並聯電容器的命名規則和主要技術數據 ··························243

13.3 電容器的安全運行 ·····································································245

13.3.1 電容器的安裝與接線 ······························································245

13.3.2 電容器的運行參數 ·································································245

13.3.3 電容器的投入和退出 ······························································245

13.3.4 電容器操作註意事項 ······························································246

13.3.5 電容器的保護 ·······································································246

13.3.6 電容器故障判斷及處理 ···························································247

13.3.7 電容器的巡視與檢查周期 ························································247

數據中心低壓供配電系統運維

第14章 照明裝置 ·················································249

14.1 電氣照明 ·················································································249

14.1.1 照明方式與種類 ····································································249

14.1.2 照明電壓 ·············································································250

14.1.3 照明配電系統圖與平面圖 ························································250

14.2 電氣照明裝置的安裝 ··································································250

14.2.1 導線截面積的選擇 ·································································250

14.2.2 照明裝置的安裝 ····································································251

14.2.3 插座的安裝與接線要求 ···························································252

14.2.4 常見故障處理 ·······································································253

第15章 電氣線路 ·················································255

15.1 電纜線路 ·················································································255

15.1.1 電纜的分類及結構 ·································································255

15.1.2 電纜的型號 ··········································································256

15.1.3 電纜安裝 ·············································································256

15.1.4 電纜的敷設 ··········································································258

15.1.5 電力電纜的運行與維護 ···························································262

15.2 室內配線 ·················································································264

15.2.1 室內配線的一般要求 ······························································264

15.2.2 常用配線方式 ·······································································265

15.2.3 室內配線導線截面積選擇 ························································270

15.2.4 電纜線路的故障 ····································································273

第16章 臨時用電 ·················································275

16.1 臨時用電的安全要求 ··································································275

16.1.1 臨時用電管理的要求 ······························································275

16.1.2 臨時用電低壓配電線路的要求 ··················································276

16.1.3 臨時用電的接地保護及防雷保護的要求 ······································276

16.2 臨時用電的變配電設施的安裝和使用規定 ·······································277

16.3 臨時用電的電氣線路的安裝和安全規定 ··········································279

參考文獻 ······························································280