高電壓技術（第3版）

馬永翔，三級教授，碩士研究生導師，陜西理工大學。主要研究方向為電力系統運行與設備 緣技術。兼任陜西省高等學校教指委能源與動力工作委員會委員，電力系統及其自動化重點學科帶頭人，《陜西理工大學學報》編委，IEEE PES中國理事會電力系統繼電保護委員會交直流混聯電網保護控制技術分委會副 。 近年來，先後出版規劃教材9部,其中高電壓技術（第2版）獲省級 教材一等獎，《電力系統繼電保護》、《 發電廠變電所電氣部分》（第2版）2部獲省級 教材二等獎；在 外學術期刊發表學術論文50余篇；獲中國電工技術學會科技進步二等獎1項；主持廳局級項目、橫向項目20余項

緒論 ······················································· 1
閱讀材料0-1 ······································· 5
閱讀材料0-2 ······································· 9
第1章 氣體的 緣強度 ······················ 13
1.1 氣體放電的基本物理過程 ·············· 14
1.1.1 氣體中帶電質點的產生和消失 ······························· 14
1.1.2 湯森理論和帕邢定律 ·········· 17
1.1.3 流註理論 ························· 20
1.1.4 不均勻電場中的放電過程 ···· 22
1.1.5 沖擊電壓下氣體間隙的擊穿特性 ························· 26
1.2 影響氣體放電電壓的因素 ·············· 31
1.2.1 電場形式對放電電壓的影響 ······························· 31
1.2.2 電壓波形對擊穿電壓的影響 ······························· 32
1.2.3 氣體的性質和狀態對放電電壓的影響 ······················ 34
1.3 沿面放電 ··································· 38
1.3.1 沿面放電的物理過程 ·········· 38
1.3.2 影響沿面放電電壓的因素 ···· 40
1.3.3 影響 緣子汙閃的因素 ······· 45
1.3.4 汙閃事故的對策 ················ 49
本章小結 ········································· 51
閱讀材料1-1 ····································· 52
習題 ··············································· 52
第2章 液體和固體介質的 緣強度 ···· 56
2.1 介質的極化、電導和損耗 ·············· 57
2.1.1 電介質的極化 ··················· 57
閱讀材料2-1 ····································· 60
2.1.2 電介質的電導 ···················· 63
2.1.3 電介質的損耗 ···················· 65
2.2 液體介質的擊穿 ·························· 69
2.2.1 液體介質的擊穿機理 ··········· 69
2.2.2 影響液體介質擊穿的因素和
改進措施 ·························· 69
2.3 固體介質的擊穿 ·························· 72
2.3.1 固體介質的擊穿機理 ··········· 72
2.3.2 影響固體介質擊穿的因素和改進措施 ·························· 73
2.4 緣介質的其他特性 ···················· 75
2.4.1 熱性能 ····························· 75
2.4.2 機械性能 ·························· 76
2.4.3 吸潮性能 ·························· 76
2.4.4 生化性能 ·························· 76
本章小結 ·········································· 76
閱讀材料2-2 ····································· 77
習題 ················································ 77
第3章 電氣設備的 緣試驗 ··············· 79
3.1 緣試驗分類 ····························· 80
3.2 緣電阻及吸收比的測量 ·············· 81
3.2.1 緣電阻的測量 ················· 81
3.2.2 吸收比的測量 ···················· 82
3.2.3 測量 緣電阻的規定 ··········· 83
3.2.4 影響測量 緣電阻的因素 ····· 83
3.3 直流泄漏電流的測量 ···················· 84
3.3.1 試驗接線 ·························· 84
3.3.2 影響測量泄漏電流的因素 ····· 85
3.4 介質損耗角正切tan?的測量 ·········· 86
3.4.1 測量介質損耗角正切tan?的意義及適用範圍 ················· 86
3.4.2 西林電橋的基本原理 ··········· 87
3.4.3 影響tan?測量的因素 ·········· 88
3.5 局部放電的測量 ·························· 89
3.5.1 局部放電的物理過程 ·········· 89
3.5.2 局部放電的測量原理及其主要參數 ························· 89
3.5.3 局部放電的測量方法 ·········· 91
3.5.4 局部放電測量中的抗幹擾措施 ······························· 92
3.5.5 測試結果的分析與評定 ······· 93
3.6 緣油的氣相色譜分析 ················· 93
3.6.1 充油電氣設備內部產生氣體 ······························· 93
3.6.2 氣相色譜分析簡介 ············· 94
3.7 交流耐壓試驗 ····························· 96
3.7.1 交流高壓試驗設備概述 ······· 96
3.7.2 工頻高壓試驗原理 ············· 98
3.7.3 串級高壓試驗變壓器 ·········· 99
3.7.4 工頻高壓的測量 ··············· 102
3.7.5 操作規定 ························ 104
3.7.6 交流耐壓試驗註意事項 ······ 105
3.7.7 試驗結果分析 ·················· 105
3.8 直流耐壓試驗 ···························· 106
3.8.1 直流高壓的產生 ··············· 106
3.8.2 直流耐壓試驗的特點 ·········· 107
3.8.3 直流高壓的測量 ··············· 108
3.8.4 直流耐壓試驗註意事項 ······ 110
3.9 緣試驗的主要項目及其特點 ······· 111
3.9.1 緣試驗的主要項目 ········· 111
3.9.2 緣試驗項目的特點 ········· 112
3.10 緣在線監測 ·························· 113
3.10.1 緣在線監測技術現狀 ····· 113
3.10.2 紅外監測的利用 ·············· 113
3.11 試驗記錄、試驗報告及試驗結果分析 ······································ 114
本章小結 ········································ 116
閱讀材料3-1 ···································· 116
閱讀材料3-2 ···································· 118
習題 ·············································· 120
第4章 線路和繞組中的波過程 ·········· 123
4.1 均勻無損單導線中的波過程 ········· 124
4.1.1 波傳播的物理概念 ············ 124
4.1.2 波動方程 ························ 126
4.1.3 波阻抗與電阻的區別 ········· 128
4.2 行波的折射和反射 ····················· 128
4.2.1 折射、反射系數 ··············· 128
4.2.2 幾種特殊條件下的折、 反射 ······························ 130
4.2.3 彼德森法則 ····················· 133
4.3 無窮長直角波通過串聯電感和並聯電容 ································· 134
4.3.1 無窮長直角波通過串聯電感 ······························ 134
4.3.2 無窮長直角波通過並聯電容 ······························ 135
4.4 行波的多次折、反射 ·················· 137
4.5 無損平行多導線系統中的波過程 ··· 140
4.6 波在傳播過程中的衰減與畸變 ······ 144
4.7 變壓器繞組中的波過程 ··············· 146
4.7.1 單相變壓器繞組中的波過程 ··························· 146
4.7.2 三相變壓器繞組中的波過程 ··························· 150
4.7.3 沖擊電壓在繞組之間的傳遞 ······························ 152
4.8 旋轉電機繞組中的波過程 ············ 153
本章小結 ········································ 154
閱讀材料4-1 ··································· 155
習題 ·············································· 156
第5章 雷電及防雷保護裝置 ············· 158
5.1 概述 ······································· 159
5.2 雷電放電過程 ··························· 160
5.3 雷電參數 ································· 163
5.4 避雷針和避雷線的保護範圍 ········· 165
5.4.1 避雷針概述 ····················· 165
5.4.2 避雷針的保護範圍 ············ 166
5.4.3 避雷線 ··························· 167
閱讀材料5-1 ···································· 168
5.5 避雷器 ····································· 169
5.5.1 避雷器及其基本要求 ········· 169
5.5.2 金屬氧化物非線性電阻片 ····· 170
5.5.3 氧化鋅避雷器的基本工作原理及特點 ····················· 172
5.5.4 氧化鋅避雷器的主要特性參數 ······························ 174
5.6 提高氧化鋅避雷器保護性能的措施 ······································· 177
閱讀材料5-2 ···································· 179
5.7 接地裝置 ·································· 180
5.7.1 接地及接地電阻 ··············· 180
5.7.2 接地分類 ························ 180
5.7.3 接地電阻與電容的關系 ······ 182
5.7.4 接地體間的屏蔽效應 ········· 183
5.7.5 典型接地體的接地電阻 ······ 183
5.8 降阻劑 ····································· 184
5.8.1 降阻劑的降阻機理 ············ 184
5.8.2 降阻劑的種類和應用 ········· 186
5.8.3 降阻劑的選擇 ·················· 188
本章小結 ········································ 189
閱讀材料5-3 ···································· 190
習題 ·············································· 191
第6章 輸電線路、發電廠及變電站防雷保護 ······························· 193
6.1輸電線路的感應雷過電壓 ············· 194
6.1.1 雷擊線路附近大地時線路上的感應雷過電壓 ········· 194
6.1.2 雷擊線路桿塔時導 的感應雷過電壓 ·················· 196
6.2 輸電線路的直擊雷過電壓和耐雷水平 ······································· 196
6.2.1 雷擊桿塔頂時的過電壓和耐雷水平 ························ 197
6.2.2 雷擊導線時的過電壓和耐雷水平 ························ 200
6.2.3 雷擊避雷線檔距中央 ········· 201
6.3 輸電線路的雷擊跳閘率 ··············· 203
6.4 輸電線路的防雷措施 ·················· 206
6.3.1 建弧率 ··························· 203
6.3.2 有避雷線線路雷擊跳閘率的計算 ······························ 203
閱讀材料6-1 ··································· 213
6.5 發電廠、變電站的防雷保護 ········· 214
6.5.1 發電廠、變電站的直擊雷保護 ····················· 214
6.5.2 35kV 及以上電壓等級變電站的進線段保護 ········· 216
6.5.3 三繞組變壓器的防雷保護 ···· 217
6.6配電系統的防雷保護 ·················· 218
6.7 旋轉電機的防雷保護 ·················· 218
6.7.1 概述 ······························ 218
6.7.2 防雷保護措施 ·················· 219
6.8建築物防雷保護 ························ 220
6.8.1 普通建築物的防雷保護 ······ 221
6.8.2 特殊建築物的防雷保護 ······ 222
本章小結 ········································ 223
閱讀材料6-2 ··································· 224
習題 ·············································· 228
第7章 電力弱電系統防雷保護 ·········· 230
7.1 低壓供電系統的防雷保護 ············ 231
7.1.1 雷電對供電系統的影響 ······ 231
7.1.2 供電系統的雷電保護 ········· 231
7.2 弱電系統防雷保護器件 ··············· 232
7.2.1 氣體放電管 ····················· 232
7.2.2 氧化鋅壓敏電阻器 ············ 234
7.2.3 瞬態電壓抑制 ·················· 236
7.2.4 浪湧保護器 ····················· 237
7.3 電子設備的防雷保護 ·················· 238
7.3.1 級保護區 ·················· 238
7.3.2 第二級保護區 ·················· 239
7.3.3 第三級保護區 ·················· 239
7.4 計算機保護與綜合自動化系統的接地 ······································· 240
本章小結 ········································ 242
閱讀材料7-1 ···································· 242
習題 ·············································· 243
第8章 操作過電壓及其防護 ·············· 244
8.1 概述 ········································ 245
8.2 空載線路合閘過電壓 ··················· 246
8.2.1 正常空載線路合閘過電壓 ····· 246
8.2.2 自動重合閘過電壓 ············ 247
8.2.3 空載線路合閘過電壓的影響因素及限制措施 ········· 248
8.3 切除空載線路過電壓 ··················· 248
8.4 切除空載變壓器過電壓 ················ 249
8.5 操作過電壓的限制措施 ················ 251
8.5.1 利用斷路器並聯電阻限制分合閘過電壓 ·················· 251
8.5.2 利用避雷器限制操作過電壓 ··························· 252
8.6 中性點接地方式對內部過電壓的影響 ······································· 252
8.6.1 中性點接地方式的特點 ······ 253
8.6.2 中性點接地方式對內部過電壓的影響 ·················· 253
8.7 緣配合的原則及方法 ················ 255
8.7.1 緣配合的原則 ··············· 255
8.7.2 緣配合的基本方法 ········· 256
8.8 輸電線路和變電站的 緣配合 ······· 257
8.8.1 緣子串的選擇 ··············· 258
8.8.2 空氣間距的選擇 ··············· 260
8.8.3 變電站電氣設備 緣水平的確定 ······························ 262
8.9 中性點接地方式對 緣水平的影響 ······································· 264
8.9.1 中性點有效接地的優點 ······ 265
8.9.2 中性點有效接地的缺點 ······ 265
本章小結 ··
(1) 力求將基本物理概念及物理過程介紹清楚，對新技術做適當介紹，對典型實用性數據進行必要的擴充。 (2) 兼顧基本概念和實際應用兩個方面，盡可能面向不同需求的讀者。 (3) 充實了部分章節的習題，習題參考答案以二維碼的形式給出。 (4) 在重要知識點處以二維碼的形式加入拓展視頻，以增強學習效果。 (5) 在形式上，每章前給出本章的知識架構、教學目標與要求，每章後給出本章小結，在理論知識講解中穿插相關的閱讀材料，以增強本書的可讀性。