Web 3 中的零知識證明

目 錄
第1 章 Web 3 新基建崛起 ..................................................................................................... 001
1.1 Web 3 主流敘事 ···············································································.001
1.1.1 史前敘事 ···············································································.002
1.1.2 公鏈降臨 ···············································································.004
1.1.3 去中心化金融DeFi 創世 ····························································.007
1.1.4 非同質化代幣NFT 異軍突起 ······················································.012
1.1.5 鏈游GameFi 先聲奪人 ······························································.017
1.2 Web 3 基礎設施體系初現 ···································································.020
1.2.1 Web 3 基礎設施框架 ·································································.020
1.2.2 數據服務 ···············································································.023
1.2.3 去中心化身份堆棧 ···································································.030
1.2.4 安全與審計 ············································································.034
1.3 零知識證明敘事升溫 ·········································································.038
1.3.1 零知識證明的奧妙 ···································································.039
1.3.2 自主掌控隱私 ·········································································.041
1.3.3 破解可擴展性難題 ···································································.045
第2 章 揭開零知識證明的神秘面紗 .................................................................................... 050
2.1 “證明”的歷史 ···············································································.050
2.1.1 從歸納推理到演繹推理 ·····························································.050
2.1.2 形式化符號語言推理 ································································.051
2.1.3 電腦證明 ············································································.052
2.1.4 交互式證明 ············································································.053
2.2 繞不開的計算復雜性 ·········································································.054
2.2.1 基本概念 ···············································································.054
2.2.2 P 問題、NP 問題與NPC 問題 ·····················································.059
2.2.3 電路復雜性 ············································································.064
2.3 零知識證明的基本原理 ······································································.068
2.3.1 故事中的零知識證明 ································································.068
2.3.2 模擬器定義“零知識性” ··························································.071
2.3.3 提取器定義“可靠性” ·····························································.075
2.3.4 從交互式證明到簡潔非交互式證明 ··············································.078
第3 章 零知識簡潔非交互論證系統的構造 ........................................................................ 091
3.1 構造零知識簡潔非交互論證系統的主要步驟 ···········································.092
3.1.1 SNARK 系統的底層 ·································································.092
3.1.2 可驗證計算及其設計 ································································.095
3.2 將計算需求轉化為電路 ······································································.103
3.2.1 將問題轉化為程序 ···································································.103
3.2.2 將程序轉化為計算電路 ·····························································.104
3.3 信息論模型的構造 ············································································.112
3.3.1 LIP 模型 ················································································.113
3.3.2 IOP 模型 ···············································································.114
3.4 證明多項式 ·····················································································.115
3.4.1 FRI 承諾 ················································································.115
3.4.2 KZG10 承諾 ···········································································.120
3.4.3 IPA 承諾 ················································································.123
3.4.4 不同方案的對比 ······································································.126
3.5 非交互及零知識的實現 ······································································.127
3.5.1 非交互性 ···············································································.127
3.5.2 零知識 ··················································································.130
3.6 小結······························································································.132
3.6.1 ZK-SNARK 的分類 ··································································.132
3.6.2 更多的組合和遞歸 ···································································.133
第4 章 零知識證明的主流實現方案 .................................................................................... 136
4.1 零知識證明技術和應用發展 ································································.137
4.1.1 零知識證明的技術發展 ·····························································.137
4.1.2 重新定義區塊鏈運作方式 ··························································.138
4.2 ZK-SNARK ····················································································.141
4.2.1 工作原理 ···············································································.142
4.2.2 主要協議 ···············································································.142
4.3 ZK-STARK ·····················································································.152
4.3.1 工作原理 ···············································································.152
4.3.2 ZK-SNARK 與ZK-STARK ·························································.159
4.4 Bulletproofs ·····················································································.163
4.4.1 工作原理 ···············································································.163
4.4.2 應用場景 ···············································································.169
4.5 ZKP 系統的比較維度 ········································································.171
4.5.1 效率和安全維度 ······································································.171
4.5.2 底層技術維度 ·········································································.173
第5 章 零知識證明“眾神殿” ............................................................................................. 177
5.1 市場機會 ························································································.178
5.1.1 基礎設施 ···············································································.178
5.1.2 身份與安全 ············································································.184
5.1.3 DeFi 與支付 ···········································································.187
5.1.4 硬件加速 ···············································································.191
5.1.5 NFT 交易 ···············································································.193
5.2 Web 3 系統擴容 ···············································································.194
5.2.1 zkSync ··················································································.195
5.2.2 StarkNet ················································································.201
5.2.3 Scroll ····················································································.206
5.2.4 Polygon zkEVM ·······································································.212
5.3 挑戰可交互性 ··················································································.215
5.3.1 跨鏈橋概述 ············································································.215
5.3.2 ZKP 跨鏈原理及難點 ································································.219
5.3.3 實現以太坊PoS 輕客戶端 ··························································.220
5.3.4 將IBC 引入以太坊 ···································································.223
5.3.5 分佈式零知識證明 ···································································.227
5.4 數字身份解決方案 ············································································.229
5.4.1 去中心化身份堆棧 ···································································.229
5.4.2 ZK 勛章證明聲譽 ····································································.232
5.4.3 ZKDID 預言機 ········································································.234
5.4.4 ZK-KYC 助力合規 ···································································.238
5.5 博弈中的隱私支付 ············································································.242
5.5.1 隱私幣 ··················································································.243
5.5.2 隱私交易網絡 ·········································································.248
5.5.3 隱私智能合約 ·········································································.251
第6 章 Web 3 之外的零知識證明 ........................................................................................ 254
6.1 零知識證明賦能生成式AI ··································································.255
6.1.1 為ML 上鏈提供基礎設施 ··························································.256
6.1.2 實現信任證明 ·········································································.257
6.1.3 開拓游戲新屬性 ······································································.257
6.2 抵抗虛假信息 ··················································································.259
6.2.1 音頻的ZK 證明 ·······································································.259
6.2.2 新聞照片的ZK 證明 ·································································.260
6.3 分佈式智能電網的安全控制 ································································.262
6.4 醫療數據保護與安全共享 ···································································.264
6.4.1 醫療數據安全共享 ···································································.264
6.4.2 醫療數據安全採集 ···································································.267
參考文獻 ....................................................................................................................................... 271
後記 ............................................................................................................................................... 277