軟件開發珠璣：穿越50年軟件往事的60條戒律 Software Development Pearls: Lessons from Fifty Years of Software Experience

第1章　吸取經驗教訓........................................................................................1
我的視角 .............................................................................................................................1
關於本書 .............................................................................................................................2
術語說明 .............................................................................................................................4
你的收獲 .............................................................................................................................4
第2章　需求................................................................................................... 5
何謂需求 .............................................................................................................................5
不同的需求類型 .........................................................................................................5
需求工程的子領域 .....................................................................................................6
業務分析師 .................................................................................................................7
需求是基石 .................................................................................................................8
初體驗 ：需求 .....................................................................................................................8
經驗教訓 1　需求不對，項目要廢 ..................................................................................9
何時 .............................................................................................................................9
何法 ...........................................................................................................................10
經驗教訓 2　需求開發成功，大家就都能懂 ................................................................ 11
經驗教訓 3　涉眾的興趣點都“長”在需求上 ............................................................13
涉眾分析 ...................................................................................................................13
仲裁人 .......................................................................................................................15
統一戰線 ...................................................................................................................15
經驗教訓 4　以人為本，用途為先 ................................................................................16
哪兒來那麽多多餘的功能 .......................................................................................16
用途先行 ...................................................................................................................17
關註用戶故事 ...........................................................................................................18
用途規則 ...................................................................................................................19
經驗教訓 5　需求不賴，得看迭代 ................................................................................19
漸進式完善細節 .......................................................................................................19
突發功能需求 ...........................................................................................................20
突發非功能需求 .......................................................................................................21
經驗教訓 6　敏捷需求並無不同 ....................................................................................21
角色與職責 ...............................................................................................................22
術語 ...........................................................................................................................22
文檔細節 ...................................................................................................................22
活動定時 ...................................................................................................................23
可交付形式 ...............................................................................................................24
優先級排序的時機 ...................................................................................................24
真有區別嗎 ...............................................................................................................24
經驗教訓 7　好記性不如爛筆頭 ....................................................................................25
畏懼下筆 ...................................................................................................................26
書面溝通之益 ...........................................................................................................26
合理平衡 ...................................................................................................................27
經驗教訓 8　需求就是要清晰溝通，不要用鬼話迷惑涉眾 ........................................28
多涉眾，多訴求 .......................................................................................................29
擇述術 .......................................................................................................................30
嘮一嘮 .......................................................................................................................32
經驗教訓 9　群眾的眼睛是雪亮的 ................................................................................32
多需求涉眾 ...............................................................................................................32
需求質量檢查單 .......................................................................................................33
經驗教訓 10　需求越好，風險越渺 ..............................................................................34
粒度尺寸 ...................................................................................................................35
多少算夠 ...................................................................................................................35
經驗教訓 11　不是僅收集就完事了...............................................................................36
收集 vs 啟發 ..............................................................................................................36
何時啟發需求 ...........................................................................................................37
啟發上下文 ...............................................................................................................37
啟發技術 ...................................................................................................................37
奠定基礎 ...................................................................................................................39
經驗教訓 12　客戶的嘴，多聽不虧 ..............................................................................39
溝通途徑 ...................................................................................................................39
產品擁躉 ...................................................................................................................40
其他需求溝通途徑 ...................................................................................................41
縮小隔閡的橋梁 .......................................................................................................42
經驗教訓 13　天眼不通，他心不通 ..............................................................................42
來猜一下 ...................................................................................................................42
明晰化 .......................................................................................................................42
他心不通 ...................................................................................................................44
經驗教訓 14　眾口難調，則勿全調 ..............................................................................44
註意 ...........................................................................................................................45
主持人控場 ...............................................................................................................45
專註，專註，再專註 ...............................................................................................46
團體之外 ...................................................................................................................46
經驗教訓 15　優先級看嗓門，項目妥妥沒魂 ..............................................................47
優先級排序技巧 .......................................................................................................48
排優準繩 ...................................................................................................................48
量化分析 ...................................................................................................................49
經驗教訓 16　邊界不劃清，需求攤大餅 ......................................................................49
範圍潛變迷霧 ...........................................................................................................49
如何記載範圍 ...........................................................................................................50
在範圍內嗎 ...............................................................................................................51
模糊需求 = 模糊範圍 ...............................................................................................52
下一步 ：需求 ...................................................................................................................53
第3章　設計................................................................................................. 54
何謂設計 ...........................................................................................................................54
設計的方方面面 .......................................................................................................55
你的設計精妙嗎 .......................................................................................................56
初體驗 ：設計 ...................................................................................................................58
經驗教訓 17　設計迭代，更新不斷 ..............................................................................58
原型設計之魅 ...........................................................................................................59
概念驗證 ...................................................................................................................60
模型 ...........................................................................................................................60
經驗教訓 18　高度抽象，小步快跑 ..............................................................................61
通觀全局，步步為營 ...............................................................................................62
快速視覺迭代 ...........................................................................................................63
迭代就這麽簡單 .......................................................................................................64
經驗教訓 19　不要讓不知所措的用戶感覺自己宛若智障 ..........................................65
讓用戶無法犯錯 .......................................................................................................66
讓用戶難以犯錯 .......................................................................................................66
讓用戶易於從錯誤中恢復 .......................................................................................67
隨它吧 .......................................................................................................................67
經驗教訓 20　想優化所有質量屬性？做夢呢吧 ..........................................................67
質量的維度 ...............................................................................................................68
指定質量屬性 ...........................................................................................................70
質量導向的設計 .......................................................................................................70
架構與質量屬性 .......................................................................................................71
經驗教訓 21　一仞設計，抵丈重構 ..............................................................................71
技術債與重構 ...........................................................................................................72
架構缺陷 ...................................................................................................................73
經驗教訓 22　系統問題，接口尤甚 ..............................................................................73
技術接口問題 ...........................................................................................................74
輸入數據校驗 ...........................................................................................................76
用戶界面問題 ...........................................................................................................77
軟件開發珠璣 XXII
接口爭霸 ...................................................................................................................77
下一步 ：設計 ...................................................................................................................78
第4章　項目管理........................................................................................... 79
何謂項目管理 ...................................................................................................................79
人員管理 ...................................................................................................................80
需求管理 ...................................................................................................................80
預期管理 ...................................................................................................................80
任務管理 ...................................................................................................................80
承諾管理 ...................................................................................................................81
風險管理 ...................................................................................................................81
溝通管理 ...................................................................................................................81
變化管理 ...................................................................................................................81
資源管理 ...................................................................................................................81
依賴管理 ...................................................................................................................82
合同管理 ...................................................................................................................82
供應商管理 ...............................................................................................................82
消除管理障礙 ...........................................................................................................82
初體驗 ：項目管理 ...........................................................................................................83
經驗教訓 23　工作計劃，必有摩擦 ..............................................................................83
任務切換與心流狀態 ...............................................................................................84
有效時間 ...................................................................................................................85
其他項目摩擦來源 ...................................................................................................86
規劃影響 ...................................................................................................................87
經驗教訓 24　不要胡亂估算，拍個腦袋完蛋 ..............................................................87
草率預言 ...................................................................................................................88
由模糊所支配的恐懼 ...............................................................................................89
經驗教訓 25　冰山底下有的是東西 ..............................................................................89
應急緩沖 ...................................................................................................................90
涉險假設 ...................................................................................................................92
冰山型合同 ...............................................................................................................93
緩沖之美 ...................................................................................................................93
經驗教訓 26　談判要能打，數據是籌碼 ......................................................................93
哪兒來的數字 ...........................................................................................................94
原則式談判 ...............................................................................................................95
經驗教訓 27　要想估算不亂猜，歷史數據少不了 ......................................................95
多種歷史數據來源 ...................................................................................................96
軟件指標 ...................................................................................................................97
經驗教訓 28　估算不是談戀愛，不按個人開心改 ......................................................98
目標 vs 估算 ..............................................................................................................98
何時調整 ...................................................................................................................99
經驗教訓 29　離關鍵路徑遠一點兒 ..............................................................................99
關鍵路徑的界定 .......................................................................................................99
別擋著別人 .............................................................................................................100
經驗教訓 30　任務沒完成，你一分錢都拿不到 ........................................................101
什麽叫“完成” .......................................................................................................102
“學分”沒有小數點 ...............................................................................................103
跟蹤需求狀態 .........................................................................................................104
完成才能致富 .........................................................................................................104
經驗教訓 31　項目多變，放機靈些 ............................................................................104
五個項目維度 .........................................................................................................105
談判優先權 .............................................................................................................106
靈活性圖 .................................................................................................................106
五個維度的應用 .....................................................................................................108
經驗教訓 32　要麽控件目風險，要麽被它反殺 ....................................................108
何謂風險管理 .........................................................................................................108
辨別軟件風險 .........................................................................................................109
風險管理活動 ......................................................................................................... 110
居安思危 ................................................................................................................. 112
經驗教訓 33　客戶不是永遠都是對的小公主 ............................................................ 112
“不正確” ................................................................................................................. 112
尊重“道理” ........................................................................................................... 114
經驗教訓 34　我們在軟件里假裝了太多事 ................................................................ 115
活在幻想中 ............................................................................................................. 115
非理性繁榮 ............................................................................................................. 115
人們玩的把戲 ......................................................................................................... 116
下一步 ：項目管理 ......................................................................................................... 117
第5章　文化與團隊合作................................................................................. 118
何謂文化與團隊合作 ..................................................................................................... 118
堅守信念 ................................................................................................................. 119
文化一致性 ............................................................................................................. 119
文化結晶 .................................................................................................................120
壯大團隊 .................................................................................................................121
初體驗 ：項目管理 .........................................................................................................122
經驗教訓 35　知識並非此消彼長 ................................................................................123
知識守財奴 .............................................................................................................123
致知計劃 .................................................................................................................124
知識轉移規模化 .....................................................................................................124
健康的信息文化 .....................................................................................................126
經驗教訓 36　壓力再多，莫亂承諾 ............................................................................126
承諾！承諾！承諾！ .............................................................................................127
生活處處有“驚喜” ...............................................................................................128
經驗教訓 37　培訓實踐不落地，大力不會出奇跡 ....................................................128
問題在哪裡 .............................................................................................................129
一些可能的方案 .....................................................................................................129
工具與培訓 .............................................................................................................130
開發者的個體差異 .................................................................................................131
經驗教訓 38　權利的背面是責任 ................................................................................132
客戶的權利和責任 .................................................................................................133
開發者的權利和責任 .............................................................................................133
項目經理或發起人的權利和責任 .........................................................................133
自主團隊的權利和責任 .........................................................................................133
暴風雨來臨之前 .....................................................................................................134
經驗教訓 39　毫釐距離，千里隔閡 ............................................................................134
時空屏障 .................................................................................................................134
虛擬團隊 ：分離到極致 .........................................................................................135
門，門，一門毀所有！ .........................................................................................136
經驗教訓 40　小型同地辦公土辦法，規模大了它就用不上 ....................................137
流程與工具 .............................................................................................................138
專業化訴求 .............................................................................................................139
溝通沖突 .................................................................................................................139
經驗教訓 41　工作方式轉型，文化挑戰不輕 ............................................................140
價值觀、行為與實踐 .............................................................................................140
敏捷開發與文化變革 .............................................................................................141
內化 .........................................................................................................................142
經驗教訓 42　秀才遇上兵，有理說不清 ....................................................................143
小教一下 .................................................................................................................144
誰出線了 .................................................................................................................144
支持靈活性 .............................................................................................................145
下一步 ：文化與團隊合作 .............................................................................................145
第6章　質量................................................................................................146
何謂質量 .........................................................................................................................146
質量的定義 .............................................................................................................146
質量規劃 .................................................................................................................147
多個質量視角 .........................................................................................................148
構建質量屬性 .........................................................................................................149
初體驗 ：質量 .................................................................................................................149
經驗教訓 43　當下搞質量便宜，以後再搞可貴了 ....................................................150
修復成本的增長曲線 .............................................................................................151
難以定位 .................................................................................................................152
早期質量行為 .........................................................................................................153
經驗教訓 44　想要生產力高，就要把質量搞 ............................................................154
雙子傳奇 .................................................................................................................155
返工之禍 .................................................................................................................156
質量成本 .................................................................................................................157
經驗教訓 45　沒工夫一開始就弄對，卻有時間以後再來修 ....................................158
為什麽不一次搞定 .................................................................................................159
1 億美元綜合徵 ......................................................................................................159
權衡取捨 .................................................................................................................160
經驗教訓 46　莫跌進爛貨水溝 ....................................................................................160
爛貨水溝具象化 .....................................................................................................160
軟件中的爛貨水溝情景 .........................................................................................161
經驗教訓 47　客戶老闆再強勢，莫以惡小而為之 ....................................................162
權力游戲 .................................................................................................................162
匆匆趕碼 .................................................................................................................163
知識匱乏 .................................................................................................................163
道德陰影 .................................................................................................................164
規避流程 .................................................................................................................164
經驗教訓 48　寧讓同行刨活，別讓客戶報錯 ............................................................165
同行評審之益 .........................................................................................................165
軟件評審的多樣性 .................................................................................................166
軟因素 ：評審的文化影響 .....................................................................................167
經驗教訓 49　聰明人善用工具 ....................................................................................168
工具必須提供價值 .................................................................................................168
必須明智地使用工具 .............................................................................................169
工具 ≠ 流程 ...........................................................................................................170
經驗教訓 50　今日之必達，明日之夢魘 ....................................................................171
技術債與預防性維護 .............................................................................................171
故意的技術債 .........................................................................................................172
質量導向設計 ：現在還是以後 .............................................................................173
下一步 ：質量 .................................................................................................................173
第7章　過程改進..........................................................................................174
何謂過程改進 .................................................................................................................174
軟件過程改進是什麽？為什麽要改進？ .............................................................174
莫要懼怕過程 .........................................................................................................175
讓 SPI 成為既定事實 ..............................................................................................175
初體驗 ：軟件過程改進 .................................................................................................176
經驗教訓 51　管理切忌人雲亦雲，亦步亦趨 ............................................................177
問題先行，而後方案 .............................................................................................178
根因示例 .................................................................................................................178
診斷引導治療 .........................................................................................................180
經驗教訓 52　有什麽好處，主語用“我們”而非“我” ..........................................180
團隊回報 .................................................................................................................181
個人回報 .................................................................................................................182
為團隊做件事兒 .....................................................................................................182
經驗教訓 53　痛點是第一更改力 ................................................................................183
啊！痛！ .................................................................................................................183
無形之痛 .................................................................................................................184
經驗教訓 54　欲落新規，懷柔不斷 ............................................................................185
轉舵 .........................................................................................................................185
向上管理 .................................................................................................................186
經驗教訓 55　眾人已載之失，莫要重蹈覆轍 ............................................................187
學習曲線 .................................................................................................................188
好的實踐 .................................................................................................................189
經驗教訓 56　無招勝有招 ............................................................................................190
流程與節奏 .............................................................................................................190
成為非教條主義者 .................................................................................................191
經驗教訓 57　用文檔模板踐行自適應哲學 ................................................................192
經驗教訓 58　不要祈禱下一個項目會更好，好好學習來得更實在 ........................196
往回看 .....................................................................................................................196
回顧的結構 .............................................................................................................197
軟件開發珠璣 XXVIII
回顧之後 .................................................................................................................199
經驗教訓 59　軟件行業總在做無用功 ........................................................................199
學習之益 .................................................................................................................200
思考之益 .................................................................................................................201
下一步 ：軟件過程改進 .................................................................................................201
第8章　然後呢.............................................................................................202
經驗教訓 60　一口氣吃不成胖子 ................................................................................202
確定優先級 .....................................................................................................................204
現實查驗 .................................................................................................................205
行動規劃 .........................................................................................................................206
你自己的經驗教訓 .........................................................................................................207
附錄A　經驗教訓劃重點............................................................................... 208