新基建中的物聯網——通往數字世界的橋梁

第1 章 從基礎設施建設到新型基礎設施建設···················································.1
1.1 傳統意義上的基礎設施·······················································································.1
1.1.1 基礎設施與基礎設施建設···········································································.1
1.1.2 基礎設施建設的經濟學特徵········································································.2
1.2 新型基礎設施的內涵··························································································.4
1.3 新基建相關政策的時間脈絡·················································································.5
1.4 新基建的特點和時代背景····················································································.7
1.5 新基建到底新在何處··························································································.9
1.6 本章小結·········································································································10
第2 章 我國信息基礎設施的建設發展歷程·····················································.11
2.1 新基建與信息基礎設施的關系··············································································11
2.2 國家信息基礎設施的提出····················································································12
2.3 我國信息基礎設施的建設歷程··············································································13
2.4 我國信息基礎設施建設與國際水平的差距·······························································16
2.5 本章小結·········································································································17
第3 章 物聯網在新型基礎設施建設中的作用··················································.18
3.1 物聯網是新基建的核心要素·················································································18
3.2 物聯網建立新基建的能力支撐··············································································19
3.3 物聯網構築工業互聯網的發展根基········································································21
3.4 物聯網改變數據中心的運營方式···········································································21
3.5 物聯網引領5G 通信的發展方向···········································································23
3.6 物聯網提供人工智能所需要的實時數據··································································25
3.7 物聯網帶來基礎設施安全的全新挑戰·····································································26
3.8 本章小結·········································································································27
第4 章 物聯網產業發展的挑戰與機遇···························································.29
4.1 物聯網概念演化與內涵解析·················································································29
4.1.1 物聯網概念的起源····················································································29
4.1.2 物聯網定義的形成····················································································30
4.2 物聯網產業的發展歷程·······················································································32
4.2.1 射頻識別產業的興起·················································································33
4.2.2 傳感器及智能終端產業的發展·····································································34
4.2.3 網絡通信產業的發展·················································································35
4.2.4 物聯網中的數據處理·················································································36
4.2.5 物聯網雲平臺的應用·················································································37
4.3 物聯網系統與大數據技術深度融合········································································38
4.3.1 聯網設備帶來數據量的急劇增長··································································38
4.3.2 物聯網系統中大數據的特徵········································································39
4.3.3 物聯網系統專用的大數據處理平臺·······························································40
4.3.4 工業物聯網應用與大數據的融合··································································42
4.4 人工智能時代物聯網面臨的挑戰與機遇··································································44
4.4.1 物聯網發展面臨的主要挑戰········································································44
4.4.2 物聯網將邁入全智能化的新階段··································································46
4.5 本章小結·········································································································49
第5 章 物聯網技術體系架構與參考模型························································.50
5.1 體系架構概述···································································································50
5.2 物聯網的技術體系架構·······················································································52
5.2.1 總體技術體系架構····················································································52
5.2.2 感知技術································································································52
5.2.3 網絡技術································································································53
5.2.4 支撐平臺································································································54
5.2.5 應用技術································································································54
5.2.6 公共技術································································································55
5.3 物聯網系統的概念模型·······················································································57
5.3.1 概念模型的總體構成·················································································57
5.3.2 域的描述及關聯關系·················································································57
5.4 物聯網系統的功能體系架構·················································································59
5.4.1 系統功能實體構成····················································································59
5.4.2 功能實體簡要描述····················································································60
5.4.3 系統部署參考視圖····················································································61
5.5 物聯網系統的通信參考架構·················································································62
5.5.1 通信功能實體構成····················································································62
5.5.2 通信功能實體描述····················································································63
5.5.3 通信網絡參考視圖····················································································64
5.6 物聯網系統的數據參考架構·················································································65
5.6.1 數據功能實體構成····················································································65
5.6.2 數據功能實體描述····················································································66
5.7 物聯網系統的應用體系架構·················································································66
5.7.1 角色、子角色和活動·················································································66
5.7.2 六域模型映射關系····················································································70
5.7.3 物聯網系統應用實例·················································································71
5.8 物聯網系統的安全參考模型·················································································71
5.9 本章小結·········································································································73
第6 章 物聯網數據採集基礎設施構成···························································.74
6.1 數據採集基礎設施概述·······················································································74
6.2 傳感器——從單器件到智能化··············································································77
6.2.1 傳感器相關概念·······················································································77
6.2.2 傳感器的分類··························································································78
6.2.3 傳感器的技術發展····················································································80
6.2.4 傳感器的硬件組成和工作原理·····································································85
6.3 二維條碼——從堆疊式到矩陣式···········································································89
6.3.1 二維條碼相關概念····················································································89
6.3.2 二維條碼的主要技術·················································································91
6.3.3 二維條碼的識別過程·················································································93
6.3.4 二維條碼的主要國際標準···········································································97
6.3.5 二維條碼標準參數比較···········································································.105
6.4 射頻識別——從低頻到超高頻···········································································.108
6.4.1 射頻識別相關概念·················································································.108
6.4.2 射頻識別技術的發展··············································································.110
6.4.3 射頻識別的硬件組成和工作原理·······························································.113
6.5 物聯網感知數據的採集過程··············································································.116
6.5.1 使用傳感器進行數據採集········································································.116
6.5.2 感知數據的傳輸與組網···········································································.118
6.6 物聯網感知數據的融合過程··············································································.121
6.6.1 信息融合的必要性·················································································.121
6.6.2 信息融合概念模型·················································································.123
6.6.3 各級信息融合過程·················································································.124
6.6.4 物聯網系統中的信息融合········································································.133
6.6.5 物聯網信息融合的發展趨勢·····································································.135
6.7 本章小結······································································································.136
第7 章 支撐物聯網應用的5G 通信基礎設施·················································.137
7.1 移動通信技術的發展歷程·················································································.137
7.1.1 第一代移動通信系統（1G） ····································································.137
7.1.2 第二代移動通信系統（2G） ····································································.138
7.1.3 第三代移動通信系統（3G） ····································································.140
7.1.4 第四代移動通信系統（4G） ····································································.141
7.2 5G 的應用需求和發展願景···············································································.143
7.2.1 物聯網引領5G 的應用需求·····································································.143
7.2.2 物聯網主導5G 的發展願景·····································································.145
7.2.3 5G 相對4G 的關鍵指標提升····································································.146
7.3 5G 的標準和產業發展·····················································································.148
7.4 5G 的關鍵技術突破························································································.151
7.4.1 基於NFV 和SDN 的網絡架構··································································.152
7.4.2 設備到設備（D2D）通信········································································.155
7.4.3 多輸入多輸出（MIMO） ········································································.159
7.4.4 超密集組網（UDN） ·············································································.163
7.4.5 移動邊緣計算（MEC） ··········································································.167
7.4.6 非正交多址接入（NOMA） ····································································.172
7.4.7 網絡切片（Network Slice） ·····································································.174
7.5 5G 的窄帶蜂窩物聯網技術···············································································.178
7.5.1 窄帶物聯網（NB-IoT） ··········································································.178
7.5.2 增強型機器類型通信（eMTC）································································.181
7.5.3 NB-IoT 與eMTC 的應用互補和選擇競爭····················································.183
7.6 本章小結······································································································.186
第8 章 具有物聯網時代特徵的大數據中心···················································.187
8.1 大數據中心的起源和發展·················································································.187
8.1.1 數據中心的起源····················································································.187
8.1.2 大數據中心建設重要性分析·····································································.188
8.1.3 新基建推動大數據中心發展·····································································.189
8.2 物聯網系統中的大數據特徵與架構·····································································.192
8.2.1 物聯網大數據特徵·················································································.192
8.2.2 物聯網大數據分析平臺邏輯架構·······························································.193
8.3 物聯網系統中的大數據管理··············································································.195
8.3.1 物聯網大數據雲平臺的數據處理·······························································.195
8.3.2 物聯網大數據存儲與管理········································································.196
8.3.3 分佈式文件系統關鍵技術········································································.198
8.4 大數據中心建設的物聯網應用需求·····································································.201
8.4.1 數據中心建設安全分級標準·····································································.201
8.4.2 數據中心需要控制的物理環境要素····························································.201
8.4.3 基於物聯網的數據中心環境運維方式·························································.203
8.5 本章小結······································································································.209
第9 章 人工智能助推物聯網系統的智能化演進·············································.210
9.1 人工智能的發展歷程·······················································································.210
9.1.1 人工智能的概念內涵··············································································.210
9.1.2 人工智能的技術發展歷程········································································.211
9.1.3 人工智能的特徵與技術框架·····································································.213
9.1.4 人工智能涉及的關鍵技術········································································.215
9.2 人工智能技術與物聯網的融合···········································································.218
9.2.1 大數據是人工智能的基石········································································.218
9.2.2 人工智能是物聯網的大腦········································································.219
9.2.3 人工智能技術與物聯網的融合應用····························································.220
9.3 智能物聯網的發展前景展望··············································································.221
9.3.1 協同智能化的物聯網系統········································································.221
9.3.2 服務智能化的物聯網系統········································································.222
9.4 人工智能的典型應用——自動駕駛汽車·······························································.223
9.4.1 自動駕駛汽車的技術現狀········································································.223
9.4.2 自動駕駛汽車的發展趨勢········································································.227
9.5 物聯網的典型應用——智能交通物聯網·······························································.228
9.5.1 從車聯網到智能交通物聯網·····································································.228
9.5.2 智能交通物聯網的應用前景·····································································.229
9.6 智能交通物聯網與自動駕駛汽車的協同·······························································.232
9.6.1 車網知識協同的優勢··············································································.232
9.6.2 車網知識協同體系架構···········································································.232
9.6.3 基於智能交通物聯網環境的自動駕駛汽車發展展望·······································.235
9.7 本章小結······································································································.235
第10 章 基於物聯網底座構建工業互聯網應用··············································.236
10.1 工業互聯網的前世今生··················································································.236
10.1.1 從消費互聯網到產業互聯網···································································.236
10.1.2 工業互聯網的起源與歷程······································································.238
10.1.3 各國先進製造戰略發展背景···································································.240
10.2 GE 和IIC 的工業互聯網發展困局·····································································.244
10.2.1 GE 工業互聯網的興起與挫折·································································.244
10.2.2 工業互聯網聯盟的困境與轉型································································.246
10.3 物聯網支撐中國工業互聯網發展······································································.247
10.3.1 工業互聯網相關產業政策······································································.247
10.3.2 工業互聯網的技術體系架構···································································.249
10.3.3 工業互聯網應用的物聯網底座································································.256
10.4 工業互聯網與工業4.0 的碰撞交流····································································.261
10.5 工業互聯網落地實施的待解問題······································································.264
10.5.1 跨行業、跨專業工業機理存在知識壁壘····················································.265
10.5.2 標識體系標準不一，缺少核心價值··························································.267
10.6 本章小結····································································································.271
第11 章 物聯網架起通往數字孿生世界的橋梁···············································.272
11.1 數字孿生的發展背景·····················································································.272
11.2 數字孿生的概念與內涵··················································································.274
11.2.1 數字孿生的術語定義············································································.274
11.2.2 數字孿生的典型特徵············································································.275
11.2.3 與相近概念的聯系和區別······································································.275
11.3 數字孿生的技術體系·····················································································.278
11.3.1 數字孿生參考模型···············································································.278
11.3.2 數字孿生技術架構···············································································.280
11.3.3 數字孿生的主要支撐技術······································································.283
11.4 物聯網建立虛實世界之間的連接·······························································.284
11.5 本章小結····································································································.286
第12 章 物聯網新型基礎設施建設政策與實施案例········································.287
12.1 《物聯網新型基礎設施建設三年行動計劃（2021—2023 年）》解讀···························.287
12.1.1 行動計劃出台背景···············································································.287
12.1.2 行動計劃主要內容···············································································.288
12.2 智能安防物聯網新基建案例············································································.291
12.2.1 案例概況···························································································.291
12.2.2 案例技術方案·····················································································.292
12.2.3 創新點和實施效果···············································································.293
12.3 智慧燃氣物聯網新基建案例············································································.298
12.3.1 案例概況···························································································.298
12.3.2 案例技術方案·····················································································.299
12.3.3 創新點和實施效果···············································································.301
12.4 智能電網物聯網監測新基建案例······································································.303
12.4.1 案例概況···························································································.303
12.4.2 案例技術方案·····················································································.304
12.4.3 創新點和實施效果···············································································.306
12.5 智能交通車路協同新基建案例·········································································.307
12.5.1 案例概況···························································································.307
12.5.2 案例技術方案·····················································································.308
12.5.3 創新點和實施效果···············································································.312
12.6 本章小結····································································································.314