The Designation of Marine Protected Areas: A Legal Obligation
Von Rebay, Anna
- 出版商: Springer
- 出版日期: 2024-05-25
- 售價: $6,360
- 貴賓價: 9.5 折 $6,042
- 語言: 英文
- 頁數: 278
- 裝訂: Quality Paper - also called trade paper
- ISBN: 3031291778
- ISBN-13: 9783031291777
海外代購書籍(需單獨結帳)
商品描述
The Law of the Sea provides more than 1000 instruments and more than 300 regulations concerning marine protection. While the scope of most treaties is limited either regarding species, regions or activities, one regulation addresses States in all waters: the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment as stipulated under Art. 192 of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of theSea (UNCLOS). As this 'Constitution of the Ocean' not only contains conventional laws but also very broadly reflects pre-existing rules of customary international law, an extensive analysis of all statements made by States in the UN General Assembly, their practices, national laws and regulations as well as other public testimonials demonstrates that Art. 192 UNCLOS indeed binds the whole community of States as a rule of customary international law with an erga omnes effect. Due to the lack of any objections and its fundamental value for humankind, this regulation can also be considered a new peremptory norm of international law (ius cogens).
While the sovereign equality of States recognises States' freedom to decide if and how to enter into a given obligation, States can also waive this freedom. If States accepted a legally binding obligation, they are thus bound to it. Concerning the specific content of Art. 192 UNCLOS, a methodical interpretation concludesthat only the adoption of legislative measures (national laws and international agreements) suffices to comply with the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment, which is confirmed by the States' practices and relevant jurisprudence. When applied to a specific geographical area, legislative measures to protect the marine environment concur with the definition of Marine Protected Areas. Nonetheless, as the obligation applies to all waters, the Grotian principle of the freedom of the sea dictates that the restriction of activities through the designation of Marine Protected Areas, on the one hand, must be weighed against the freedoms of other States on the other. To anticipate the result: while all other rights under the UNCLOS are subject to and contingent on other regulations of the UNCLOS and international law, only the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment is granted absolutely - and thus outweighs all other interests.
商品描述(中文翻譯)
這本書提供了實證證據,證明所有國家都有普遍約束力的義務採取國內法和國際條約來保護海洋環境,包括指定海洋保護區。逐章詳細說明了這一義務,為追究國家履行這一義務提供了基礎。首先在一章中分析了基本原則,檢視了海洋法的法律約束來源以及其歷史發展,以幫助讀者理解關鍵原則。
《海洋法》提供了1000多項工具和300多項關於海洋保護的規定。雖然大多數條約的範圍在物種、地區或活動方面有限,但有一項規定涉及所有水域的國家:根據1982年聯合國海洋法公約(UNCLOS)第192條的規定,保護和保存海洋環境的義務。由於這部“海洋的憲法”不僅包含慣例法的傳統法律,還廣泛反映了既有的慣例國際法規則,因此對聯合國大會中國家的所有聲明、實踐、國家法律和法規以及其他公開證詞進行了廣泛分析,證明UNCLOS第192條確實作為慣例國際法規則對所有國家社會具有普遍約束力。由於缺乏任何異議且對人類具有基本價值,這項規定也可以被視為國際法的新的必須法規(ius cogens)。
雖然國家主權平等承認國家有自由決定是否以及如何承擔特定義務的自由,但國家也可以放棄這種自由。如果國家接受了具有法律約束力的義務,則必須履行該義務。關於UNCLOS第192條的具體內容,方法論解釋得出結論,僅通過採取立法措施(國內法和國際協議)就足以遵守保護和保存海洋環境的義務,這一點得到了國家實踐和相關司法判例的確認。當應用於特定地理區域時,保護海洋環境的立法措施與海洋保護區的定義相符。然而,由於該義務適用於所有水域,海洋自由的格羅特原則要求在一方面通過指定海洋保護區限制活動,另一方面必須權衡其他國家的自由。預先預測結果:雖然UNCLOS下的所有其他權利都受到UNCLOS和國際法的其他規定的制約,但只有保護和保存海洋環境的義務是絕對授予的,因此超越了所有其他利益。
作者簡介
Dr. Anna von Rebay is a lawyer and a barrister specializing in the law of the sea and marine protection. She is the founder of the law firm "Ocean Vision Legal", which focuses entirely on Ocean Litigation in international and German national law.
作者簡介(中文翻譯)
「Dr. Anna von Rebay 博士」是一位專精於海洋法和海洋保護的律師和大律師。她是「Ocean Vision Legal」律師事務所的創辦人,該事務所專注於國際法和德國國內法中的海洋訴訟。