3D Physical and Virtual Models in Fetal Medicine: Applications and Procedures

隨著醫學進步，伴隨著技術創新，我們有了更好的胎兒影像，這些影像有助於醫學診斷，並在產前護理期間為父母提供基因諮詢。3D列印是一種新興技術，具有多種醫學應用，如手術規劃、生物醫學研究和醫學教育。

臨床相關性：超聲波和磁共振成像的3D實體和虛擬模型已被用於教育、多學科討論和計劃治療方法。

作者描述了可以應用於懷孕不同階段的技術，這對於研究胎兒畸形是一項創新的貢獻。我們將展示，在胎兒醫學中，實體模型可以幫助多學科對複雜畸形進行觸覺和互動研究。對於未來的父母來說，這些模型也可能很有用，因為具有胎兒特徵的3D實體模型可以讓他們與未出生的孩子建立更直接的情感聯繫。

Heron Werner Jr, PhD, MD, graduated in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Rio de Janeiro. He is currently Consultant in Maternal-Fetal Medicine at Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem (CDPI), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. In the early 1990s, "Medecin Étranger, Université de Paris V" under the guidance of Professor Fernand Daffos and Jacques Chavinié. Master in Obstetrics and PhD in Radiolgy at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Visiting Professor at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Author of the books "Magnetic Resonance in Obstetrics and Gynecology"; "3D Technologies - Paleonthology, Archaeology- Fetology" and "3D Technologies - Unveiling the past, shaping the future". Author of many articles related to 3D printing in fetal medicine and virtual reality.

Prof. Gabriele Tonni, PhD, MD, graduated Magna cum Laude in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Parma. He is currently Consultant in Maternal-Fetal Medicine at Azienda Sanitaria Locale, Reggio Emilia, Italy. In the early 1990s, he has carried out research in the field of perinatal medicine investigating the role of intrapartum asphyxia and perinatal brain damage under the guidance of Professor James A. Low at the Queen's University in Kingston, Canada. After gaining work experience in the United Kingdom, where he was granted RCOG certification in minimally invasive gynecologic surgery, he started to practice prenatal ultrasound diagnosis. He was trained in fetal invasive procedure at Nottingham City Hospital, under the guidance of Professor David T. Liu. He holds the Diploma in Fetal Medicine, the highest degree awarded by the Fetal Medicine Foundation, London. He has produced a PhD thesis on first trimester screening for fetal aneuploidy at University "La Sapienza" in Rome in 2000, the first publication on this clinical issue in Italy. Dr. Gabriele Tonni has been devoted to develop applications for 3D ultrasound and fetal MRI in the antenataldetection of congenital anomalies, particularly to the study of fetal palate and orofacial malformations, in which he gained worldwide expertise. He has developed outstanding international collaborations and is currently involved in the applications of 3D virtual physical models of fetal abnormalities using 3D ultrasound volume and fetal MRI scan data. He has contributed to more than 100 publications in peer-reviewed journals and serves as reviewer to more than 40 international journals. He has been invited to attend many national and international congresses where he acted as chairman or lecturer and has attended the Fetal Medicine Center, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona University

Jorge Lopes dos Santos, PhD, is a designer specialist in 3D printing. He is a professor at PUC Rio, a university in Brazil reference in the design field. Inside his lab at the university, he develops works that involve trends in areas such as medicine, architecture, paleontology, among others. He is also a researcher at the National Institute of Technology and the National Museum, leading the recreation of part of the collection lost in a tragic fire, using additive manufacturing and the ashes themselves. Its trajectory reconciles arts and engineering, reinforcing the importance of dialogue between different areas of knowledge. Postgraduate Professor - Department of Arts and Design - PUC Rio. Coordinator of the Three-Dimensional Development Center - DAD - PUC Rio. Collaborating Researcher at the National Museum of UFRJ (Digital Image Processing Laboratory). Collaborating Researcher at the Museum of Tomorrow. He has developed a way of making physical models of foetuses using data from ultrasound, CT and MRI scans.

Heron Werner Jr, PhD, MD，畢業於里約熱內盧大學的婦產科學。他目前在巴西里約熱內盧的Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem (CDPI)擔任母胎醫學顧問。在1990年代初，他在法國巴黎第五大學的Fernand Daffos教授和Jacques Chavinié的指導下獲得了“Medecin Étranger, Université de Paris V”的學位。他在里約熱內盧聯邦大學獲得了婦產科碩士和放射學博士學位。曾任費城兒童醫院的訪問教授。著有《婦產科磁共振》、《3D技術-古生物學、考古學-胎兒學》和《3D技術-揭示過去，塑造未來》等書籍。撰寫了許多與胎兒醫學中的3D打印和虛擬現實相關的文章。

Prof. Gabriele Tonni，PhD，MD，以優異成績畢業於帕爾馬大學的婦產科學。他目前在意大利雷焦艾米利亞的Azienda Sanitaria Locale擔任母胎醫學顧問。在1990年代初，他在加拿大金斯頓女王大學的James A. Low教授指導下，從事了有關围产期窒息和围产期腦損傷的围产期醫學研究。在英國獲得工作經驗後，他開始從事產前超聲診斷工作。在諾丁漢市醫院在David T. Liu教授的指導下接受了胎兒侵入性程序的培訓。他擁有胎兒醫學文憑，這是倫敦胎兒醫學基金會頒發的最高學位。他在2000年在羅馬的“拉斯佩恩薩”大學完成了關於胎兒畸形的第一孕期篩查的博士論文，這是意大利關於這一臨床問題的第一篇發表。Gabriele Tonni博士致力於開發3D超聲和胎兒磁共振在產前檢測先天畸形方面的應用，特別是對胎兒腭裂和口腔面部畸形的研究，他在這方面獲得了全球專業知識。他建立了傑出的國際合作關係，目前致力於使用3D超聲音量和胎兒磁共振掃描數據的3D虛擬物理模型在胎兒畸形方面的應用。他在同行評審期刊上發表了100多篇文章，並擔任40多個國際期刊的審稿人。他受邀參加了許多國家和國際會議，擔任主席或講師，並參加了巴塞羅那大學胎兒醫學中心。

Jorge Lopes dos Santos，PhD，是一位3D打印設計專家。他是巴西PUC Rio大學的教授，該大學在設計領域享有盛譽。在大學的實驗室裡，他開展了涉及醫學、建築、古生物學等領域的工作。他還是國家技術研究所和國家博物館的研究員，領導著使用增材製造和灰燼本身重建部分在一場悲劇性火災中失去的收藏品。他的經歷融合了藝術和工程，強調不同領域之間對話的重要性。PUC Rio藝術與設計系研究生教授。PUC Rio三維發展中心（DAD）協調員。UFRJ國家博物館（數字影像處理實驗室）合作研究員。未來博物館合作研究員。他開發了一種使用超聲、CT和MRI掃描數據製作胎兒物理模型的方法。