Advanced Global Navigation Satellite Systems Tropospheric Products for Monitoring Severe Weather Events and Climate: Cost Action Es1206 Final Report
暫譯: 高級全球導航衛星系統對流層產品於監測嚴重氣象事件及氣候的應用：成本行動 Es1206 最終報告

本書（COST 行動最終報告）總結了 COST 行動 ES1206 的會議紀錄。COST 行動 ES1206，名為「針對嚴重天氣事件和氣候的先進 GNSS 大氣產品」（GNSS4SWEC），是一個為期四年的專案，從 2013 年至 2017 年，協調了來自 GNSS、氣象和氣候社群的最新和改進能力。首次利用多 GNSS 星座的協同效應，開發出新的、更先進的大氣產品，充分發揮多 GNSS 在廣泛的時間和空間尺度上的潛力——從實時產品監測和預測嚴重天氣，到適合氣候研究的高品質後處理產品。該行動還促進了氣象數據作為實時 GNSS 定位、導航和時間服務的輸入，並刺激了整個歐洲及其他地區的知識和數據轉移。

Jonathan Jones is a senior scientist at the Met Office, working in the Observations R&D Department since 2002. Jonathan's research interests relate to the derivation of tropospheric and ionospheric observations from GNSS signals, receiving his PhD in the field from the University of Nottingham in 2010. Jonathan has been involved in many European collaborative GNSS projects, recent roles include: Chair of COST Action ES1206 GNSS4SWEC (2013-2017), Chair of the EIG EUMETNET E-GVAP Processing and Standards Working Group and co-Chair of the GCOS Reference Upper Air Network (GRUAN) GNSS Precipitable Water Vapour Task Team. He is a member of many scientific working groups such as the IGS Tropospheric Working Group, IAG Working Group 4.3.3, EPOS WG4 and GAIA-CLIM WP2, is a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society and an editor of the ACP/AMT/ANGEO inter-journal Special Issue on Advanced GNSS Tropospheric Products for Severe Weather Events and Climate.

Guergana Guerova is an associate professor at the Department of Meteorology and Geophysics of Sofia University. She received her Master's degree in meteorology and PhD in Applied Physics from the University of Bern. She is a former Marie Curie IRG Fellow (2011-2014) and vice chair of COST Action ES1206 GNSS4SWEC (2013-2017). Her research interest include monitoring short and long-term variation of GNSS derived water vapour, especially for studying fog, intense precipitation, hail storms and heat waves. She teaches courses at both the undergraduate (Introduction to Meteorology part 1, Synoptic Analysis) and graduate (Satellite Imagery Interpretation) level.

Jan Dousa is a senior researcher at the Research Institute of Geodesy, Topography and Cartography (RIGTC) - Geodetic Observatory Pecný (GOP), Czech Republic, where he is leading GNSS group. He obtained a PhD degree at the Department of Advanced Geodesy, Czech Technical University in Prague in 1999. He participated in several international projects dealing with ground-based GNSS tropospheric research, such as COST 716, TOUGH, E-GVAP, Trop4LAS, DARTMA, COST 1206, IGS Tropo WG, and he led others with a national support. His interests are in advanced methods of precise GNSS processing, with a particular focus on reference frames (EUREF), precise GNSS orbit determination (IGS), troposphere monitoring (E-GVAP, GNSS4SWEC), GNSS in solid earth sciences (EPOS) and software development (G-Nut). Dr Dousa was chair of Working Group 1 in the GNSS4SWEC COST project, chair or vice-chair of several IAG working groups, member of the EUREF Governing Board and ESA GNSS Scientific Advisory Board, and associate member of the International GNSS Service.

Galina Dick is a senior scientist at the German Research Centre for Geosciences GFZ in Potsdam, where she has been responsible for the ground-based GNSS atmospheric sounding since 2000 and became a group leadership of "GNSS Meteorology" in 2017. She has been involved in many European GNSS meteorology projects since 1999, like the COST Action 716 "Exploitation of ground-based GPS for climate and numerical weather prediction applications" and the European Commission's TOUGH project "Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity Measurements in Meteorology". She is head of the GFZ GNSS Analysis Centre for the EUMETNET EIG GNSS Water Vapour Programme (E-GVAP). Within GRUAN - The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Reference Upper-Air Network - she is responsible for GNSS Data Processing Centre. She is an associate member of the International GNSS Service (IGS), a member of the IGS troposphere working group, as well as a member of several expert teams and working groups dealing with GNSS-derived precipitable water vapour. Within COST Action GNSS4SWEC she was a co-chair of the Working Group 1: "Advanced Processing Techniques".

Siebren de Haan is a senior researcher at the Research and Development Observations and Data Technology department, KNMI. Siebren holds a degree in mathematics and completed his PhD in meteorology at the University of Wageningen in May 2008. He worked for two years on the assimilation of satellite derived sea surface temperatures for use in numerical weather prediction models and on an ice detection algorithm using backscatter data from the ERS satellites at the EUMETSAT Ocean and Sea Ice Satellite Application Facility. He is currently involved in the EUMETNET GPS Water Vapour Programme (E-GVAP I-III) and the EUMETNET ASIST programme, and is a member of the WMO CIMO Expert Team on New Technologies and Test Beds and WMO CIMO Task Team on Aircraft-based Observations. His latest activities are related to novel wind and temperature observations from commercial aircraft exploiting Mode-S Enhanced Surveillance information.

Eric Pottiaux started working at the Royal Observatory of Belgium (ROB) in 1998 to study the Earth's neutral atmosphere using GNSS, and received his PhD degree from the Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL) in 2010. From 1999 to 2006 he took part in the COST Action 716 "Exploitation of ground-based GPS for climate and numerical weather prediction applications" and contributed to the European Commission's TOUGH project "Targeting Optimal Use of GPS Humidity Measurements in Meteorology". Today, he is a geodetic expert in the EUMETNET EIG GNSS Water Vapour Program (E-GVAP) and a member of the IGS troposphere WG, co-founder of the COST Action ES1206 GNSS4SWEC, and vice-chair of IAG WG 4.3.7 "Real-time GNSS Troposphere Monitoring" and IAG WG 4.3.8 "GNSS Tropospheric Products for Climate".

Olivier Bock is a senior researcher in Geodesy at IPGP - IGN. He holds a PhD in Remote Sensing and Physics of the Environment from the Université Paris Diderot and a postdoctoral degree ("habilitation") in Physics of the Environment from the Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris. His research interests are in the study of the global atmospheric water cycle with applications in meteorology and climatology using atmospheric models and GNSS and other measurement techniques. He was a former Chair of Working Group 3 of the COST Action ES1206 GNSS4SWEC aiming at the development of climate monitoring using GNSS data. He is the author or co-author of more than 70 publications in international peer-reviewed scientific journals and has been a guest editor of the inter-journal Special Issue on Advanced GNSS Tropospheric Products for Severe Weather Events and Climate in ACP/AMT/ANGEO.

Rosa Pacione began her career with space geodesy activities financed by the Italian Space Agency, first with Telespazio S.p.A and later with e-GEOS S.p.A. She is currently supervising the geodetic data analysis activities performed in the framework of the ASI contract to operate the ASI Centro di Geodesia Spaziale, Matera (Italy). She has been involved in European GNSS meteorology projects since 1999. Her current research interests are in GNSS meteorology and the development of GNSS products for climate monitoring and related applications. Dr Pacione has substantial international experience as a member of several international boards including the EUREF Governing Board. She is also the EPN Tropospheric Coordinator, a member of the E-GVAP Processing and Standards WG and IGS Tropospheric WG, co-founder of the COST Action ES1206, chair of IAG WG 4.3.8 "GNSS Tropospheric Products for Climate", and convener at the EGU General Assembly.

Roeland Van Malderen is work leader at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium's scientific division "Observations", which he entered in 2006. He obtained his PhD in Mathematics (Astronomy) from the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) in 2003 and subsequently worked for two years as a Hydrologist-Modeller at the Flemish Administration for Environment, Nature, Land and Water Management. His current research interests are in data quality assessment, data uncertainty estimation and data homogenization to study the variation in data series due to climate change processes. Dr Van Malderen is particularly interested in the variation of water vapour and ozone, both the total column values (e.g. retrieved by GNSS for water vapour) and the vertical profiles (from radio and ozone soundings). He recently joined the board of associate editors for the journal Atmospheric Measurement Techniques (AMT).

喬納森·瓊斯是英國氣象局的高級科學家，自2002年以來在觀測研究與開發部門工作。喬納森的研究興趣與從全球導航衛星系統（GNSS）信號中推導對流層和電離層觀測有關，並於2010年在諾丁漢大學獲得該領域的博士學位。喬納森參與了許多歐洲合作的GNSS項目，最近的角色包括：COST行動ES1206 GNSS4SWEC的主席（2013-2017）、EIG EUMETNET E-GVAP處理和標準工作組的主席，以及GCOS參考上層大氣網絡（GRUAN）GNSS可降水水汽任務小組的共同主席。他是許多科學工作組的成員，如IGS對流層工作組、IAG工作組4.3.3、EPOS WG4和GAIA-CLIM WP2，並且是英國皇家氣象學會的院士，以及ACP/AMT/ANGEO期刊的編輯，專注於嚴重天氣事件和氣候的先進GNSS對流層產品的特刊。

格爾甘娜·格魯羅娃是索非亞大學氣象與地球物理系的副教授。她在伯爾尼大學獲得氣象學碩士學位和應用物理博士學位。她曾是瑪麗·居里IRG研究員（2011-2014）和COST行動ES1206 GNSS4SWEC的副主席（2013-2017）。她的研究興趣包括監測GNSS推導的水汽的短期和長期變化，特別是用於研究霧、強降水、冰雹風暴和熱浪。她在本科（氣象學導論第一部分、天氣分析）和研究生（衛星影像解釋）層級教授課程。

揚·杜薩是捷克共和國地球測量、地形學和製圖研究所（RIGTC）- Pecný測量觀測站的高級研究員，負責GNSS小組。他於1999年在捷克技術大學高級測量系獲得博士學位。他參與了幾個國際項目，涉及基於地面的GNSS對流層研究，如COST 716、TOUGH、E-GVAP、Trop4LAS、DARTMA、COST 1206、IGS Tropo WG，並領導了其他國家支持的項目。他的興趣在於精確GNSS處理的先進方法，特別關注參考框架（EUREF）、精確GNSS軌道確定（IGS）、對流層監測（E-GVAP、GNSS4SWEC）、GNSS在固體地球科學中的應用（EPOS）以及軟體開發（G-Nut）。杜薩博士曾擔任GNSS4SWEC COST項目的工作組1主席，並擔任多個IAG工作組的主席或副主席，是EUREF管理委員會和ESA GNSS科學諮詢委員會的成員，以及國際GNSS服務的副成員。

加琳娜·迪克是德國波茨坦地球科學研究中心GFZ的高級科學家，自2000年以來負責基於地面的GNSS大氣探測，並於2017年成為“GNSS氣象學”小組的負責人。自1999年以來，她參與了許多歐洲GNSS氣象學項目，如COST行動716“利用基於地面的GPS進行氣候和數值天氣預報應用”和歐洲委員會的TOUGH項目“針對氣象中GPS濕度測量的最佳使用”。她是GFZ GNSS分析中心的負責人，負責EUMETNET EIG GNSS水汽計劃（E-GVAP）。在GRUAN - 全球氣候觀測系統（GCOS）參考上層大氣網絡中，她負責GNSS數據處理中心。她是國際GNSS服務（IGS）的副成員，IGS對流層工作組的成員，以及多個專家小組和工作組的成員，專注於GNSS推導的可降水水汽。在COST行動GNSS4SWEC中，她是工作組1“先進處理技術”的共同主席。

西布倫·德哈恩是KNMI觀測與數據技術部門的高級研究員。西布倫擁有數學學位，並於2008年5月在瓦赫寧根大學完成氣象學博士學位。他曾在EUMETSAT海洋和海冰衛星應用設施工作兩年，專注於衛星推導的海面溫度的同化，用於數值天氣預報模型，以及使用ERS衛星的反向散射數據進行冰層檢測算法的開發。目前，他參與EUMETNET GPS水汽計劃（E-GVAP I-III）和EUMETNET ASIST計劃，並且是WMO CIMO新技術和測試床專家小組及WMO CIMO基於飛機觀測的任務小組的成員。他最近的活動與利用Mode-S增強監視信息從商業飛機獲取的新型風和溫度觀測有關。

埃里克·波提克斯於1998年開始在比利時皇家天文台（ROB）工作，利用GNSS研究地球的中性大氣，並於2010年在魯汶大學獲得博士學位。從1999年到2006年，他參加了COST行動716“利用基於地面的GPS進行氣候和數值天氣預報應用”，並為歐洲委員會的TOUGH項目“針對氣象中GPS濕度測量的最佳使用”做出貢獻。如今，他是EUMETNET EIG GNSS水汽計劃（E-GVAP）的地球測量專家，IGS對流層工作組的成員，COST行動ES1206 GNSS4SWEC的共同創始人，以及IAG工作組4.3.7“實時GNSS對流層監測”和IAG工作組4.3.8“氣候的GNSS對流層產品”的副主席。

奧利維耶·博克是IPGP - IGN的地球測量高級研究員。他擁有巴黎第七大學的遙感和環境物理學博士學位，以及巴黎皮埃爾與瑪麗·居里大學的環境物理學博士後學位（“資格”）。他的研究興趣在於利用大氣模型和GNSS及其他測量技術研究全球大氣水循環，應用於氣象學和氣候學。他曾擔任COST行動ES1206 GNSS4SWEC工作組3的主席，旨在利用GNSS數據開發氣候監測。他是70多篇國際同行評審科學期刊的作者或合著者，並曾擔任ACP/AMT/ANGEO期刊的特刊編輯，專注於嚴重天氣事件和氣候的先進GNSS對流層產品。

羅莎·帕奇奧內的職業生涯始於意大利太空局資助的空間測量活動，最初在Telespazio S.p.A工作，後來在e-GEOS S.p.A工作。她目前負責在ASI合同框架下進行的地球測量數據分析活動，以運營位於意大利馬泰拉的ASI太空測量中心。自1999年以來，她參與了歐洲GNSS氣象學項目。她目前的研究興趣在於GNSS氣象學以及為氣候監測和相關應用開發GNSS產品。帕奇奧內博士在多個國際委員會中擁有豐富的國際經驗，包括EUREF管理委員會。她還是EPN對流層協調員，E-GVAP處理和標準工作組及IGS對流層工作組的成員，COST行動ES1206的共同創始人，IAG工作組4.3.8“氣候的GNSS對流層產品”的主席，以及EGU大會的召集人。

羅蘭·范馬爾登是比利時皇家氣象研究所科學部門“觀測”的工作負責人，自2006年以來進入該部門。他於2003年在魯汶大學獲得數學（天文學）博士學位，隨後在弗拉芒環境、自然、土地和水管理局擔任水文學家-建模師兩年。他目前的研究興趣在於數據質量評估、數據不確定性估計和數據同質化，以研究由氣候變化過程引起的數據序列變化。范馬爾登博士特別關注水汽和臭氧的變化，包括總柱值（例如，通過GNSS獲取的水汽）和垂直剖面（來自無線電和臭氧探測）。他最近加入了《大氣測量技術》（AMT）期刊的副編輯委員會。