Web Hacking: Attacks and Defense (Paperback)

Description

"Both novice and seasoned readers will come away with an increased understanding of how Web hacking occurs and enhanced skill at developing defenses against such Web attacks. Technologies covered include Web languages and protocols, Web and database servers, payment systems and shopping carts, and critical vulnerabilities associated with URLs. This book is a virtual battle plan that will help you identify and eliminate threats that could take your Web site off line..."
--From the Foreword by William C. Boni, Chief Information Security Officer, Motorola

"Just because you have a firewall and IDS sensor does not mean you aresecure; this book shows you why."
--Lance Spitzner, Founder, The Honeynet Project

Whether it's petty defacing or full-scale cyber robbery, hackers are moving to the Web along with everyone else. Organizations using Web-based business applications are increasingly at risk. Web Hacking: Attacks and Defense is a powerful guide to the latest information on Web attacks and defense. Security experts Stuart McClure (lead author of Hacking Exposed), Saumil Shah, and Shreeraj Shah present a broad range of Web attacks and defense.

Features include:

• Overview of the Web and what hackers go after
• Complete Web application security methodologies
• Detailed analysis of hack techniques
• Countermeasures
• What to do at development time to eliminate vulnerabilities
• New case studies and eye-opening attack scenarios
• Advanced Web hacking concepts, methodologies, and tools

"How Do They Do It?" sections show how and why different attacks succeed, including:

• Cyber graffiti and Web site defacements
• e-Shoplifting
• Database access and Web applications
• Java™ application servers; how to harden your Java™ Web Server
• Impersonation and session hijacking
• Buffer overflows, the most wicked of attacks
• Automated attack tools and worms

Appendices include a listing of Web and database ports, cheat sheets for remote command execution, and source code disclosure techniques.

Web Hacking informs from the trenches. Experts show you how to connect the dots--how to put the stages of a Web hack together so you can best defend against them. Written for maximum brain absorption with unparalleled technical content and battle-tested analysis, Web Hacking will help you combat potentially costly security threats and attacks.

 

Table of Contents

(NOTE: Each chapter begins with an Introduction and concludes with a Summary.)

Foreword.


Introduction.

“We're Secure, We Have a Firewall”.

To Err Is Human.

Writing on the Wall.

Book Organization.

Parts.

Chapters.

A Final Word.

Acknowledgments.

Contributor.

I. THE E-COMMERCE PLAYGROUND.

Case Study: Acme Art, Inc. Hacked!

1. Web Languages: The Babylon of the 21st Century.

Languages of the Web.

HTML.

Dynamic HTML (DHTML).

XML.

XHTML.

Perl.

PHP.

ColdFusion.

Active Server Pages.

CGI.

Java.

2. Web and Database Servers.

Web Servers.

Apache.

Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS).

Database Servers.

Microsoft SQL Server.

Oracle.

3. Shopping Carts and Payment Gateways.

Evolution of the Storefront.

Electronic Shopping.

Shopping Cart Systems.

Scope and Lifetime of an Electronic Shopping Cart.

Collecting, Analyzing, and Comparing Selected Components.

Keeping Track of the Total Cost.

Change of Mind.

Processing the Purchase.

Implementation of a Shopping Cart Application.

Product Catalog.

Session Management.

Database Interfacing.

Integration with the Payment Gateway.

Examples of Poorly Implemented Shopping Carts.

Carello Shopping Cart.

DCShop Shopping Cart.

Hassan Consulting's Shopping Cart.

Cart32 and Several Other Shopping Carts.

Processing Payments.

Finalizing the Order.

Method of Payment.

Verification and Fraud Protection.

Order Fulfillment and Receipt Generation.

Overview of the Payment Processing System.

Innovative Ways to Combat Credit Card Fraud.

Order Confirmation Page.

Payment Gateway Interface.

Transaction Database Interface.

Interfacing with a Payment Gateway—An Example.

Payment System Implementation Issues.

Integration.

Temporary Information.

SSL.

Storing User Profiles.

Vulnerabilities Caused by Poor Integration of Shopping Cart and Payment Gateway.

PayPal—Enabling Individuals to Accept Electronic Payments.

4. HTTP and HTTPS: The Hacking Protocols.

Protocols of the Web.

HTTP.

HTTPS (HTTP over SSL).

5. URL: The Web Hacker's Sword.

URL Structure.

Web Hacker Psychology.

URLs and Parameter Passing.

URL Encoding.

Meta-Characters.

Specifying Special Characters on the URL String.

Meta-Characters and Input Validation.

Unicode Encoding.

The Acme Art, Inc. Hack.

Abusing URL Encoding.

Unicode Encoding and Code Red's Shell Code.

Unicode Vulnerability.

The Double-Decode or Superfluous Decode Vulnerability.

HTML Forms.

Anatomy of an HTML Form.

Input Elements.

Parameter Passing Via GET and POST.

II. URLS UNRAVELED.

Case Study: Reconnaissance Leaks Corporate Assets.

6. Web: Under (the) Cover.

The Components of a Web Application.

The Front-End Web Server.

The Web Application Execution Environment.

The Database Server.

Wiring the Components.

The Native Application Processing Environment.

Web Server APIs and Plug-Ins.

URL Mapping and Internal Proxying.

Proxying with a Back-End Application Server.

Examples.

Connecting with the Database.

The Craftiest Hack of Them All.

Using Native Database APIs.

Examples.

Using ODBC.

Using JDBC.

Specialized Web Application Servers.

Identifying Web Application Components from URLs.

The Basics of Technology Identification.

Examples.

More Examples.

Advanced Techniques for Technology Identification.

Examples.

Identifying Database Servers.

Countermeasures.

Rule 1: Minimize Information Leaked from the HTTP Header.

Rule 2: Prevent Error Information from Being Sent to the Browser.

7. Reading Between the Lines.

Information Leakage Through HTML.

What the Browsers Don't Show You .

Netscape Navigator—View | Page Source.

Internet Explorer—View | Source.

Clues to Look For.

HTML Comments.

Revision History.

Developer or Author Details.

Cross-References to Other Areas of the Web Application.

Reminders and Placeholders.

Comments Inserted by Web Application Servers.

Old “Commented-Out” Code.

Internal and External Hyperlinks.

E-mail Addresses and Usernames.

UBE, UCE, Junk Mail, and Spam.

Keywords and Meta Tags.

Hidden Fields.

Client-Side Scripts.

Automated Source Sifting Techniques.

Using wget.

Using grep.

Sam Spade, Black Widow, and Teleport Pro.

8. Site Linkage Analysis.

HTML and Site Linkage Analysis.

Site Linkage Analysis Methodology.

Step 1: Crawling the Web Site .

Crawling a Site Manually.

A Closer Look at the HTTP Response Header.

Some Popular Tools for Site Linkage Analysis.

Step-1 Wrap-Up.

Crawlers and Redirection.

Step 2: Creating Logical Groups Within the Application Structure.

Step-2 Wrap-Up.

Step 3: Analyzing Each Web Resource.

1. Extension Analysis.

2. URL Path Analysis.

3. Session Analysis.

4. Form Determination.

5. Applet and Object Identification.

6. Client-Side Script Evaluation.

7. Comment and E-Mail Address Analysis.

Step-3 Wrap-Up.

Step 4: Inventorying Web Resources.

III. HOW DO THEY DO IT?

Case Study: How Boris Met Anna's Need for Art Supplies.

9. Cyber Graffiti.

Defacing Acme Travel, Inc.'s Web Site.

Mapping the Target Network.

Throwing Proxy Servers in Reverse.

Brute Forcing HTTP Authentication.

Directory Browsing.

Uploading the Defaced Pages.

What Went Wrong?

HTTP Brute-Forcing Tools.

Brutus.

WebCracker 4.0.

Countermeasures Against the Acme Travel, Inc. Hack.

Turning Off Reverse Proxying.

Using Stronger HTTP Authentication Passwords.

Turning off Directory Browsing.

10. E-Shoplifting.

Building an Electronic Store.

The Store Front-End.

The Shopping Cart.

The Checkout Station.

The Database.

Putting It All Together.

Evolution of Electronic Storefronts.

Robbing Acme Fashions, Inc.

Setting Up Acme's Electronic Storefront.

Tracking Down the Problem.

Bypassing Client-Side Validation.

Using Search Engines to Look for Hidden Fields.

Overhauling www.acme-fashions.com.

Facing a New Problem with the Overhauled System.

Postmortem and Further Countermeasures.

Shopping Carts with Remote Command Execution.

11. Database Access.

Direct SQL Attacks.

A Used Car Dealership Is Hacked.

Input Validation.

Countermeasures.

12. Java: Remote Command Execution.

Java-Driven Technology.

Architecture of Java Application Servers.

Attacking a Java Web Server.

Identifying Loopholes in Java Application Servers.

Example: Online Stock Trading Portal.

Invoking FileServlet.

Countermeasures.

Harden the Java Web Server.

Other Conceptual Countermeasures.

13. Impersonation.

Session Hijacking: A Stolen Identity and a Broken Date.

March 5, 7:00 A.M.—Alice's Residence.

8:30 A.M.—Alice's Workplace.

10:00 A.M.—Bob's Office.

11:00 A.M.—Bob's Office.

12:30 P.M.—Alice's Office.

9:30 P.M.-Bertolini's Italian Cuisine.

Session Hijacking.

Postmortem of the Session Hijacking Attack.

Application State Diagrams.

HTTP and Session Tracking.

Stateless Versus Stateful Applications.

Cookies and Hidden Fields.

Cookie Control, Using Netscape on a Unix Platform.

Cookies.

Hidden Fields.

Implementing Session and State Tracking.

Session Identifiers Should Be Unique.

Session Identifiers Should Not Be “Guessable”.

Session Identifiers Should Be Independent.

Session Identifiers Should Be Mapped with Client-Side Connections.

14. Buffer Overflows: On-the-Fly.

Example.

Buffer Overflows.

Buffer Overflow: Its Simplest Form.

Buffer Overflow: An Example.

Postmortem Countermeasures.

IV. ADVANCED WEB KUNG FU.

Case Study.

15. Web Hacking: Automated Tools.

Netcat.

Whisker.

Brute Force.

Brutus.

Achilles.

Cookie Pal.

Teleport Pro.

Security Recommendations.

16. Worms.

Code Red Worm.

January 26, 2000.

June 18, 2001: The First Attack.

July 12, 2001.

July 19, 2001.

August 4, 2001.

Nimda Worm.

Combatting Worm Evolution.

React and Respond.

17. Beating the IDS.

IDS Basics.

Network IDSs.

Host-Based IDSs.

IDS Accuracy.

Getting Past an IDS.

Secure Hacking-Hacking Over SSL.

Example.

Tunneling Attacks via SSL.

Intrusion Detection via SSL.

Sniffing SSL Traffic.

Polymorphic URLs.

Hexadecimal Encoding.

Illegal Unicode/Superfluous Encoding.

Adding Fake Paths.

Inserting Slash-Dot-Slash Strings.

Using Nonstandard Path Separators.

Using Multiple Slashes.

Mixing Various Techniques.

Generating False Positives.

IDS Evasion in Vulnerability Checkers.

Potential Countermeasures.

SSL Decryption.

URL Decoding.

Appendix A: Web and Database Port Listing.Appendix B: HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 Method and Field Definitions.Appendix C: Remote Command Execution Cheat Sheet.Appendix D: Source Code, File, and Directory Disclosure Cheat Sheet.Appendix E: Resources and Links.Appendix F: Web-Related Tools.Index. 0201761769T07312002